Thinking, Language, And Intelligence

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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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cognition

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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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concept

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a mental image or best example of a category

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prototype

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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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algorithm

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contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error-prone use of heuristics

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algorithm

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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

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heuristic

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usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

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heuristic

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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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insight

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a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

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confirmation bias

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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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fixation

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a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

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mental set

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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

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functional fixedness

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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

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representativeness heuristic

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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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availability heuristic

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if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

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availability heuristic

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the tendency to be more confident than correct

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overconfidence

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to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments

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overconfidence

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the way an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

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framing

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the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

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belief bias

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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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belief perseverance

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the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, a and understand language

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artificial intelligence (AI)

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computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells

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computer neural networks

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our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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language

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in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

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phoneme

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in a language, the smallest unit that carriers meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

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morpheme

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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

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grammar

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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

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semantics

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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

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syntax

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the stage in speech development beginning at 3 to 4 months

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babbling stage

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the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

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babbling stage

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the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2

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one-word stage

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the stage in speech development in which a child speaks mostly in single words

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one-word stage

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the stage in speech development beginning about age 2

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two-word stage

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the stage in speech development in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary " words

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telegraphic speech

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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

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linguistic determinism

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a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

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intelligence test

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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet

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mental age

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the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

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mental age

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the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test

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Stanford-Binet

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defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100

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intelligence quotient (IQ)

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the capacity for goal-directed and adaptive behavior

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intelligence

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involves the abilities to profit from experience, solve problems, and reason effectively

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intelligence

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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

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factor analysis

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used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score

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factor analysis

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a factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measure by every task on an intelligence test

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general intelligence

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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill

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savant syndrome

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the ability to perceive, express, and understand, and regulate emotions

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emotional intelligence

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a test designed to assess what a person has learned

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achievement test

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the most widely used intelligence test

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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contains verbal and performance subtests

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested group

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standardization

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the symmetrical bell-shaped curve

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normal curve

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describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

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normal curve

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most scores falls near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

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normal curve

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the extent to which a test yields consistent results

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reliability

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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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validity

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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

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content validity

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the behavior that a test is designed to predict

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criterion

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the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validly

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criterion

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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

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predictive validity

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assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

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predictive validity

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a condition of limited mental ability

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mental retardation

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indicated by an intelligence score below 70

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mental retardation

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produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

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mental retardation

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a condition caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup

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Down syndrome

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the ability to produce novel an valuable ideas

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creativity

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the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

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heritability

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involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving

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fluid intelligence

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involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving

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crystallized intelligence

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how long it takes participants to make simple perceptual discriminations that meet a certain criterion of accuracy

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inspection time

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involves abstract reasoning, evaluation, and judgment

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analytical intelligence

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involves the ability to generate new ideas and to be inventive in dealing with novel problems

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creative intelligence

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involves the ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems that people encounter in everyday life

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practical intelligence