Chapter 10: Thinking And Language

Front 1

Early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram, usually mosty nounds and verbs

Back 1

Telegraphic Speech

Front 2

A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular, or match marticular prototypes

Back 2

Representativeness Heuristic

Front 3

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Back 3

Cognition

Front 4

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Back 4

Concept

Front 5

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category

Back 5

Prototype

Front 6

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarentees solving a partciular problem

Back 6

Algorithm

Front 7

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

Back 7

Heuristic

Front 8

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Back 8

Insight

Front 9

A tendency to search for information thast confirm's one preconceptions

Back 9

Confirmating Bias

Front 10

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an impediment to problem solving

Back 10

Fixation

Front 11

Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Back 11

Mental set

Front 12

Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving

Back 12

Functional Fixedness

Front 13

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Back 13

Availability Heuristic

Front 14

Tendency to be more confident that correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements

Back 14

Overconfidence

Front 15

The way an issue is posed; how can issue is framed can significantly effect decisions and judgements

Back 15

Framing

Front 16

Tendency for one 's pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometime sby making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

Back 16

Belief bias

Front 17

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Back 17

Belief perserverence

Front 18

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Back 18

Language

Front 19

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (example: prefix)

Back 19

Phoneme

Front 20

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Back 20

Morpheme

Front 21

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Back 21

Grammar

Front 22

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning

Back 22

Semantic

Front 23

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Back 23

Syntax

Front 24

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Back 24

Babbling Stage

Front 25

Stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Back 25

One-word stage

Front 26

Beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2 word statements

Back 26

Two-word stage

Front 27

Whort's hypothesis that language determines the way we think language imposes different concepts of reality

Back 27

Linguistic determinism