Chapter 9 P&p Microbes

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streptococci are further classified by their ability to reduce the levels of iron in hemoglobin through hemolysis. They are

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Alpha -hemolytic and beta-hemolytic streptococci

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Is the most widespread cause of surgical site infections. It normally resides in healthy skin but when transmitted to surgical wound by direct or indirect contact it can cause infection. 30 - 70% of people are carriers of this.

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Staphylococcus aureus

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Are responsible for about one third of all bacterial infections in humans. Many are responsible for surgical site infections. They produce pus and some are resistant to antibiotics therapy

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Gram positive cocci

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Is a normal resident of the skin. However it can cause infection in other parts of the body when spread by medical devices such as catheters prosthetic valves for orthopedic implant

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Staphylococcus epidermidis

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This potentially lethal pathogen causes surgical site infection it spreads via the lymphatic system to other sites in the body causing anaerobic infection and tissue death

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Streptococcus pyogenes

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Is the primary cause of pneumonia and a otitis media middle ear infection. The pathogen is spread mainly through the respiratory tract. It colonizes the nose and nasal pharynx and then spreads to lungs and middle ear

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

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Found in the normal gastrointestinal tract and in sewage and water. It has emerged as an increasingly important pathogen in hospitalized patients

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease spread from person to person by direct contact with

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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Bacterial meningitis is highly contagious infection of the meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord

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Neisseria meningitides

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Is a bacterium that causes whooping cough a life-threatening disease in children

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Bordetella pertussis

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This group of pathogens inhabits the intestinal track of humans both in a disease state and a resident bacteria

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Enteric bacteria

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Our resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. Postoperative infection caused by this bacterium occurs when that organisms are transmitted via a contaminated object such as an endoscope or catheter

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Escherichia coli

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Is a common cause of food poisoning. The bacterial infection is spread from person to person by contaminated food or fecal contact

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Salmonella enterica

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this infection is spread via contaminated water and food. In communities where sewage treatment is lacking the bacteria can contaminate local drinking water and cause widespread infection

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Salmonella typhi

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Is a anaerobic bacterium that causes rapid tissue death in deep wounds deprived of oxygen

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Clostridium perfringens

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It is the causative bacteria of tetanus a disease of the nervous system. This bacterium is an anaerobic organism commonly found in soil and intestinal tract of humans and other mammals

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Clostridium tetani

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Is a spor is forming bacteria that causes severe diarrhea. It is easily spread among patience who are immunocompromised and the infection can rapidly be fatal

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Clostridium difficile

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Are a type of bacteria carried buy specific species of ticks ,mice and fleas. The insect transmits the bacteria to its host through a skin bite

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Rickettsia

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Is a virulent form of Streptococcus that is transmitted mainly by direct contact with the hands equipment and supplies. Health care workers who carry the bacteria in their respiratory systems may become carriers of the disease.

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Methiccillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and epidermis MRSA

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Is triggered by exposure to specific potentially harmful substances such as a disease microorganism in the environment or through vaccination

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Adaptive immune system

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Develops when the body is stimulated to form its own antibodies against specific disease antigens. This type of immunity usually is permanent

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Active immunity

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A person can develop active immunity into waves

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By getting the disease and by vaccination

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Develops when the body receives the specific disease antibodies from an outside source. Is usually temporary

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Passive immunity

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Passive immunity occurs when

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When a fetus receives antibodies in utero from mothers immune system or breast milk and when a person receives a specific antibody for a specific antigen created in equine human tissue

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Used to prepare a microbial specimen for examination under the microscope

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Staining

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Is routinely performed to differentiate bacteria into two primary groups called gram positive and gram-negative bacteria

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Gram staining

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The bacteria cell wall contains a layer of sugars and amino acids. In some bacteria this wall is very thin whereas in others is that. Gram staining that reveals a thicker wall and grandstanding that reveals a thinner wall are called

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Gram positive for thicker gram-negative for thinner

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This staining technique is used primarily for identification of Microbacterium organisms expecially Microbacterium tuberculosis. In this procedure the bacteria are exposed to an acidic stain which is taken up by the cell wall

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Acid- fast staining

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Uses a physical probe that tracks the contours and surfaces of the object and creates an image based on findings

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Scanning probe microscope

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Is commonly used in medical microbiology for routine identification and study of tissue cells and microorganisms

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Optical microscope

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A commonly used system in biology has seven categories or classifications list of smallest to largest

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Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, Kingdom, domain

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Is the study of microscopic organisms called microbes and microorganisms

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Microbiology

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Is the study of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms

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Medical microbiology

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Is the study of disease mechanisms diagnosis and treatment

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Pathology

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Is a method of naming organisms. Each organism is name specifically according to its genus and species which are Latin or Greek words

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Binomial system

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The cells that make up the human body

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Eukaryotic

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Is one of a group of single-celled microbes that include only bacteria and smaller primitive group of singular celled organisms called archaea

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Prokaryote

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This is a simple movement of particles in solution. An example is diffusion

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Passive transport

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Pumping a substance across the membrane rather than simply allowing it to disperse as in passive transport

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active transport

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This type of active transport in which the cell carries a substance into the interior by engulfing it

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Endocytosis

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Large particles such as microbes are ingulfed and digested by a cell structure called a lysosome. This is called

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phagocytosis

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One organism uses another to meet its physicological needs but causes no harm to the host

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Commensalism

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When each of the organisms benefit from the relationship in the environment

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Mutualism

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And is an organism that lives on or within another organism and gains an advantage at the expense of that organism

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Parasitism

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Is one that occurs when the host is weekend in some way and its usual defenses are inadequate to prevent the microbe from causing disease

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Opportunistic infection

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Dried remnants of previously moist secretions containing microorganisms

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Droplet nuclei

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Is the phase in which the pathogens actively replicate but the host shows no symptoms

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Incubation

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In this phase symptoms begin to appear. They may be very mild or bag at the start of the infection or may include certain clinically important signs of disease

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Prodromal

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Is the phase the organism is at its most potent and symptoms are very apparent

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Acute phase

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During this phase proliferation of the infectious organisms slows symptoms subside

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Convalescence stage

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May develop in some individuals and may last weeks or months for a resolution when all the disease organisms are eliminated from the body

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Chronic infection

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Are prokaryotic organisms that represent a very large population of microbes in the environment and affect animals humans and plants

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Bacteria

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During this phase of bacterial growth the bacteria do not divide but they may be processing or synthesizing components of growth medium in preparation for cell division

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Lag phase

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This phase of bacterial growth is characterized by active and sometimes rapid cell division

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Exponential or log phase

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In this phase the bacteria have used up there available nutrition in the growth medium and the amount of space available for growth

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Stationary phase

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In this bacterial growth stage the bacteria can no longer survive in the colony dies out usually at the same rate as the growth phase

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Death phase

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It is a protein particle that contains no nucleic acid. It is believed to be a modified form of normal cellular protein that arises through mutation

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Prion

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Are found worldwide on living organic substances in water and in soil. More than 70,000 species exist but only 300 are pathogenic

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Fungi

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Are a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms.

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Protozoa