Chapter 9: Memory

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memory

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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info

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flashbulb memory

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clear memory fo an emotionally significant moment/event

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encoding

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processing of info into the memory system (ie. by extracting meaning)

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storage

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the retention of encoded info over time

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retrieval

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process of getting info out of memory storage

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sensory memory

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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory info into the memory system

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short term memory (S-T)

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activated memory that holds a few items at a time, briefly, such as 7 digets of a phone number while dialing, before # is stored or forgotten

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long term memory (L-T)

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills and experiences

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workking memory

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newer understanding of st memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and info retrieved from l-t memory

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central executive processor

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allows us to process images and words simultaneously

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automatic processing

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unconsci encoding of incidental info such as space, time and frequency an of well learned info such as word meaninggs

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attn and conscious effort

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rehearsal

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conscious, repetition of info, either to maintain its consciness or to encode it for storage

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Ebbinghaus

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Ebbinghaus:memory study::Pavlov:conditioning.
-amt remembered depends on time spent learning it
-overlearning=additional rehearsal

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next in line effect

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ppl go in line sayingg names, poorest memories are for what was said right in front of them

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spacing effect

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tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better l-t retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first items on the list

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visual encoding

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encoding of pic imagges

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acoustic encoding

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encoding of sound-especially sound of words

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semantic encoding

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encoding of meaning, includes meaning of words

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self-reference effect

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remember best things that relate to us

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imagery

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mental pictures-pwrful aid to effortful prosc, espec when combined with semantic encoding

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rosy retrospective

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tendency to recall goodtimes and forget the bad

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mnemonics

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memory aids, esp those techniques that use vivid imagry and orgganizational devices

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chunking

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organizingg items into familiar managgeable units; often occurs automaticly

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acronmyms

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CHONPS or ROYGBIV

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli a photogenic or picture-imagingg memory lastingg no more than a few 10ths of a second

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serotonin

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increases synaptic efficiency at transmitting signals

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l-t potentiation (LTP)

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increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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amnesia

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loss of memory

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implicit memory

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retention independednt of conscious recollection AKA procedural memory... require fewer connections among cortical storage areas so ppl with hippocampal damage may retain these memories

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explicit memory

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memory of facts and exeriencesthat one can consciously know and declare AKA declarative memory

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hippocampus

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neural center in limbic system and halps process explicit memories for storage

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recall

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measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier as in on a fill in the blank test

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recognition

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measure of memory in which the person need only i.d. items previously learned as in on a mult choice test

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relearning

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a memory measure that assesses the amt oftime saved when learning material

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priming

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activation, often unconsciously of particular assosciations in memory

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déjå vu

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eeire sense that "i've experienced this before." cues from current experience subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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mood-congruent memory

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tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good/bad mood

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7 sins of memory

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forgetting:
absent-mindedness, transience, blocking
disortion:
misattribution, sugggestibility, bias
intrusion:
persistence

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pro active interference

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disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info ----->

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retro active interfarence

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disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info <------

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repression

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechinism that banishes from consciousness anexiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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Elizabeth Loftus

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experimentally implanted memories of childhood traumas