Chapter 8 Memory

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Memory

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An active system that receives organizes alters stores and retrieves information

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Three processes of memory

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Encoding,Storage And retrieval

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Encoding process of memory

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Does set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain storage systems

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Programming information

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Storage process of memory

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Holding onto information for some period of time

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Retrieval process of memory

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Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

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Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer process his memory and a series of three stages

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Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer process his memory and a series of three stages: sensory memory ,short term memory and long-term memory

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Iconic memory (Sensory Memory)

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Visual sensory memory lasting only a fraction of a second

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Visual encoding

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Capacity(Sensory Memory Iconic

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Everything that can be seen at one time

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Duration(Sensory Memory Iconic

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Inflammation that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information a process called masking

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Echoic memory (Sensory Memory)

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The brief memory of something a person has just heard

Capacity: limited to what can be heard at any one moment and is smaller than the capacity of iconic memory Duration lasts longer than iconic about 2 to 4 seconds

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Acoustic encoding

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Short term memory (working memory) STM

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The memory system in which information is held for brief proves of time while being use.

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Selective attention (STM)

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The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all systems input

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Digit span test (STM)

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Memory test in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the experiments who I then asked to recall the numbers in order (George Miller)

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Digit Span test (STM) C conclusions

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Conclusions are that girl capacity of STM is about seven items or pieces of information plus or minus 2 items or from 5 to 9 bits of information( 7+ or -2 ) :magical number 7+2 chunking

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(maintenance rehearsal). Short term memory and rehearsal

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The conscious repetition of information to be remembered to maintain it in short-term memory (S TM’s tend to be encode in auditory form)

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Duration of STM

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Lasts from about 15 to 30 seconds without rehearsal (20 seconds on average)

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STM

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Is susceptible to interference e.g. is counting is interrupted have to start over

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Long term memory

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The continuance storage of information

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Memory consolidation

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The transfer of information from STM N to LTM by making the information meaningful in someway (elaborative rehearsal)

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Types of LTM

procedural/implicit non-declarative of memory

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Type of long-term memory including memory for skills,procedures habits and condition responses these memories are not conscious but Are implied to exist because they affect conscience behavior

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Declarative LTM( Declarative memory

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Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known (memory for facts )all the things that people know

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Semantic memory

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Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education

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Episodic memory

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Type of declarative memory contain personal information not really available to others such as daily activities and events

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Explicit memory

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Memory that is consciously known. Semantic and episodic memories are forms of explicit memory

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Retrieving information( Recall)

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Type of memory retrieval in which the information due to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external clues

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Examples essays fill in the blanks and short answer exams are based on recall

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Retrieving information (recognition)

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The ability to Match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

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Examples the multiple-choice true or false and matching exams our assessment based on recognition

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(Re-learning) retrieving information

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Involves learning information that you previously learned

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Example after not speaking Spanish for 13 years Whitney was able to learn it rather quickly

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(Serial position effect )remembering information

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Better recall of information at the start and end of a list of data

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(Primary effect)

Serial position effect

Remembering information

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Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

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(Recency effect)

Serial position effect

Remember information

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Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it

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Arousal theory

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The Balis the strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and we could emotions from weaker memories

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Flashbulb memory

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Type of automatic and coding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it generally result in an exceptional clear recollection

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Forgetting types and causes

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Forgetting is the loss of information from a long time memory

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Forgetting types and causes (Encoding failure)

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Encoding failure is failure to process information into memory

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Forgetting:Memory trace theory Decay (Transcience)

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DECAY transcience :is loss of memory due to the passage of time during which the memory trace is not used

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DIsuse

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Another name for DEcay assuming that memories that are not usually eventually decay and disappear

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Forgetting memory errors

Psychologist Daniel scatter

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Office seven ways L memories tend to feel us something he refers to as the seventh sins of memory

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Proactive interference

Forgetting interference theory

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Memory retrieval problem that occurs when all the information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information

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Retroactive interference

Forgetting interference theory

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Memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information