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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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expansion slots
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Slots build into the motherboard
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expansion bus
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Slots and accompanying wires and support chips
physical connection communication drivers |
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expansion bus crystal
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controlled the part of the external data bus connected to the expansion slots
pushes all of the cards at a slower, standardized speed |
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PC bus
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8 bits wide
7 MHz speed manual configuration |
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ISA Bus
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16 bits wide
7 MHz speed Manual configuration industry standard architecture |
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PCI Bus
Peripheral component interconnect |
32 bit
33 MHz co exist with other expansion buses self configuring (plug and play) |
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AGP accelerated graphics port
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PCI slot with a direct connection to the northbridge
video cards only brown |
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PCI - X
(extended) |
64 bit wide
need for speed = servers and workstations |
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Mini PCI
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laptops
low power lies flat` |
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PCI Express
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latest and fasted today
point to point one wire for sending and one for receiving |
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lane
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PAirs of wires between a PCIe controller and a device
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system resources
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I/O addresses
IRQs DMA Channels Memory Addresses |
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I/O addresses
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CPU gives a command to a device by using a pattern of ones and zeros
no 2 devices share the same IO address |
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Finding the I/O address
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device manager
view menu option resources by type click on plus sign |
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hexadecimal
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shorthand representing the strings of ones and zeros
A - F, 1 - 9 |
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Interrupt Requests
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how the device communicates with the CPU
hey i need attention |
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INT wire
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if a device puts voltage on this wire, the CPU stops what it's doing and deals with the interrupting device
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IOAPIC
I/O advanced programable interrupt controller |
traffic-cop
uses special wires that run to all devices on the expansion bus controls interruptions to the CPU |
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Direct Memory Access DMA
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process of accessing memory without using the CPU
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DMA controller
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assigns numbers, DMA channels, by which devices can request use of the DMA
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Bus mastering
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circuitry that enables them to watch for other devices accessing the external data us
detect conflict and move out of the way on their own ignore DMA channels |
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Memory addressing
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fully automatic
RAM or ROM must steal memory addresses away from the main system RAM to enable the CPU to access the RAM or ROM |
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unsigned drivers
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didnt pass Microsofts tests
WHQL or windows hardware quality labs |
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Installing driver
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add hardware wizard or from CD
choose better on CD |
