Chapter 8 Blood And Blood Spatter. Mcnair.

Front 1

Agglutination

Back 1

the clumping of molecules or cells caused by an antigen-antibody reaction
If there is an immune response to a blood transfusion, then agglutination will occur because of the double binding action of antibodies.
When agglutination occurs, blood ceases to flow and death can result.

Front 2

Antibodies

Back 2

proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to antigens

Front 3

antigen-antibody response

Back 3

a reaction in which antibodies attach to specific antigens
Each antibody has a shape which is specific to one kind of antigen (foreign molecule, cell, or virus).

Front 4

antigens

Back 4

any foreign substance or cell in the body that reacts with antibodies

Front 5

cell-surface protein

Back 5

proteins embedded in the cell membrane

Front 6

line of convergence

Back 6

a two-dimensional view of the intersection of lines formed by drawing a line through the main axis of at least two drops of blood that indicates the general area of the source of the good spatter

Front 7

point of origin

Back 7

a three-dimensional view formed using lines of convergence and angles of impact of at least two different drops of blood to identify the source and location of blood splatter

Front 8

red blood cells

Back 8

donut-shaped cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red blood cells have hemoglobin, but no nucleus and no nuclear DNA.

Front 9

satellite drop of blood

Back 9

secondary drop formed when some blood breaks free from the main contact drop of blood

Front 10

white blood cells

Back 10

cells that police the body by destroying foreign materials
White blood cells (leukocytes) are immune system cells. They fight disease and produce antibodies. They are the only blood cells that contain DNA.

Front 11

Blood can be used in two ways as evidence during an investigation what are they?

Back 11

to extract DNA for analysis or as physical evidence when blood spatter is studied.

Front 12

Composition of Blood
what is blood?

Back 12

Blood is a tissue that circulates around through the body.

Front 13

There are 3 kinds of cells which make up blood:

Back 13

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells are suspended in plasma.

Front 14

Platelets

Back 14

(thrombocytes) assist in clotting when a blood vessel is damaged. They also repair damaged blood vessels.

Front 15

History of DNA Profiling
what did Dr. Alec Jeffreys do ?

Back 15

Dr. Alec Jeffreys used white blood cells for the first DNA profile.

Front 16

what does the The Innocence Project do ?

Back 16

The Innocence Project helps free inmates falsely convicted of crimes by using DNA evidence.

Front 17

what is the least expensive way to analyze blood ?

Back 17

blood typing

Front 18

what form of evidence is blood typing

Back 18

Blood typing is a form of class evidence because it can only identify a group of individuals.

Front 19

In 1900 what did Karl Landsteiner do?

Back 19

In 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered that there was more than one type of blood.

Front 20

How are blood types determined

Back 20

Blood types are determined by proteins embedded within the cell membrane of red blood cells.

Front 21

what are the two proteins, embedded in the cell membranes of red blood cells?

Back 21

Two proteins, embedded in the cell membranes of red blood cells, are called A and B.

Front 22

what proteins can a person have?

Back 22

A person may have A proteins, B proteins, both A and B proteins, or neither A nor B proteins on their red blood cells. Another blood protein is called Rh factor.

Front 23

what is the percentage of the human population that has the RH factor?

Back 23

It is estimated that 85% of the human population has the Rh factor protein.

Front 24

The name of the blood type depends on?

Back 24

The name of the blood type depends upon the blood proteins present on the red blood cells. Examples of blood types are: A Rh+, AB Rh-.
Two other common blood proteins are M and N proteins.

Front 25

what are B lymphocytes

Back 25

B lymphocytes (a specialized kind of white blood cells) secrete antibodies.

Front 26

There are two kinds of response by the immune system to foreign bodies. Name them.

Back 26

In one response, phagocytes (a kind of blood cell) engulf invaders.
In the other response, B leukocytes peoduce specific antibodies against the invaders.

Front 27

How many test are there for blood typing?

Back 27

There are three separate tests for blood typing: one for the A protein, one for the B protein, and one for Rh factor.
You can calculate the probability (chance) of one person having a particular blood type.

Front 28

what is blood splatter? what can it do in a crime scene?

Back 28

Blood spatter is a group of blood stains found in a crime scene.
The pattern of blood spatter can be used to reconstruct a crime.

Front 29

what are the four things you can tell from blood splatter

Back 29

You can tell four things from blood spatter: the direction in which the blood was traveling, the angle of impact between the blood and the wall or surface, the point of origin of the blood, and the blood’s velocity at the time of impact with the wall or surface.

Front 30

how many types of blood splatter are there

Back 30

There are six different kinds of blood spatter.
low-velocity spatter
passive spatters
transfers
medium-velocity spatter
projected blood
High-velocity spatters

Front 31

how can blood drops aid in a investigation?

Back 31

The shape of an individual drop of blood can provide important clues in an investigation.

Front 32

what forces act on blood drops?

Back 32

Different forces act on the blood as it falls: gravity, cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.

Front 33

how can the location from which blood originates be determined ?

Back 33

the location from which the blood originated can be determined if there are at least two blood spatters.

Front 34

Even after washing a room of visible blood does blood remain?

Back 34

Even after washing a room of visible blood, some blood evidence remains.

Front 35

what does a compound called Luminol do?

Back 35

A compound called Luminol will cause hemoglobin to fluoresce under black light.

Front 36

what the four steps in investigating blood left at a crime scene?

Back 36

there are four steps in investigating blood left at a crime scene:
1) confirm that the stain is blood,
2)confirm that the blood is human blood,
3) determine the blood type, and perform a DNA analysis if necessary and if DNA can be isolated from the sample.

Front 37

blood falling directly on the floor at a 90 degree angels will? (passive fall)

Back 37

produce circular drops with secondary satellites being more produced if the surface hit textured.

Front 38

What are arterial spurts or gushes found on walls or ceilings are caused by?

Back 38

the pumping action of the heart

Front 39

splashes are shaped like exclamation points. What do the shape and position of the splatter pattern do?

Back 39

locate the position of the victim at the time of the attack

Front 40

smears are left by?

Back 40

by a bleeding victim depositing blood as they touch or brush against walls or furniture

Front 41

trails of blood are left by?

Back 41

bleeding victims as they move from one location to another
they can be round or smeared or even appear as spurts

Front 42

pools of blood form around?

Back 42

a victim who has been be lidding heavily and remains in one place. if they move there may appear to be droplets or smearing connecting the first location to the second

Front 43

how is the point of origin determined ?

Back 43

mathematical relationship between the width and length of the blood droplets.http://hemospat.com/terminology/images/Low_Velocity_Impact_Spatter.jpg

Front 44

http://www.usaschool.us/images/18.jpg
look at this image what type of velocity is it? give an example

Back 44

High velocity e.g. gun shot wound

Front 45

http://www.crimescene-forensics.com/Crime_Scene_Forensics/Bloodstains_files/Blood_Spatter_001B.gif
look at this image what type of velocity is it? give an example

Back 45

medium e.g. beating,stabbing

Front 46

http://shs2.westport.k12.ct.us/forensics/08-blood/blood_10-50.jpg

Back 46

remember these angles

Front 47

http://hemospat.com/terminology/images/Low_Velocity_Impact_Spatter.jpg

Back 47

low velocity e.g. blunt object impact

Front 48

how can you confirm the stain is blood?

Back 48

use the castle-meter test. if blood is present a dark pink color is present
lekomalachite green, this chemical undergoes a color change producing a green color in the presence of blood

Front 49

how can you confirm if the blood in human ?

Back 49

use the ELISA test ( enzyme linked immunosorbent assays) involves antibody-protein reaction. blood is injected into animal to produce antibodies against the human blood.

Front 50

how do you determine blood type?

Back 50

test using specific antibodies. Examining antigen-antibody reactions.

Front 51

Ludwig Tessnow (1901)

Back 51

Two kids eight and six were found dismembered in the woods near there home.
Ludwig Tessnow ( local carpenter) had dark stains on his boots and clothing.
then two more similar murders happened. paul Uhlenhuth developed a test to differentiate the stains and the difference between animal and human blood. The test used antigen-anybody reaction to test for the presence of human blood.
Tessnow's boots did contain wood dye but also 17 spots of human blood. as well as sheep's blood.

Front 52

Thomas Zeigler (1975)

Back 52

On christmas eve Zeigler was found shot in his store. His wife parents and citrus work were also found dead. Zeigler claimed all victims of a gang attempting to rob them. Blood expert Herbert MacDonnell reconstructed the events of the crime scene. giving zeigler a life sentence.

Front 53

Graham Backhouse(1985)

Back 53

Blackhouse was accused of killing his neighbor attempting to kill his wife and collect her life insurance.
His wife was injured in an explosion of a homemade car bomb. Blackhouse claimed his neighbor had a grudge against him and the bomb was ment for him. When police arrived the neighbor colyn bedale-taylor was found dead by gun shot wounds to his chest and face. Blackhouse claimed self-defense and the blood splatter evidence contradicted blockhouse's statement. the blood spots on the kitchen floor were circular and obviously not produced by a gunshot wound. His wounds were self inflicted and indicated a staged crime scene.

Front 54

Michael Baden

Back 54

pathologist and medical doctor. the witness for the dead. Finds spirituality on the autopsy table.