Chapter 8

Front 1

three types of muscle in the body

Back 1

skeletal smooth and cardiac

Front 2

each___ is an organ comprised of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissues, nervous tissues and blood

Back 2

muscle

Front 3

the layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds and seperates each muscle.

Back 3

fascia

Front 4

muscles that are connected to each other with broad sheets of connective tissue.

Back 4

aponeuroses

Front 5

the layer of tissue connective tissue that is around each whole muscle is ____

Back 5

epimysium

Front 6

surrounds individual bundles within each muscle

Back 6

perimysium

Front 7

within each muscle and each muscle cell is covered my connective tissue layers called

Back 7

endomysium

Front 8

each___ fiber is a single long cylindrical muscle cell

Back 8

muscle

Front 9

the sarcoplasm contains

Back 9

myofibrils

Front 10

thick filaments of myofibrils are made up of the protien....

Back 10

myosin

Front 11

thin filaments of myofibrils are made up of the protien....

Back 11

actin

Front 12

the oragnization of these filaments produces ...

Back 12

striations

Front 13

___extends from one z line to the next

Back 13

sarcamere

Front 14

______ bands are anchored to z lines

Back 14

i

Front 15

____bands are made up of thick and thin filament

Back 15

a

Front 16

beneath the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber lies the ...

Back 16

sarcoplasmic reiculum (endoplasmic reitculum)

Front 17

each____ lies between the two cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and is open to he outside of the muscle fiber.

Back 17

t-tubules

Front 18

the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules activate the ________ _____ _____when the fiber is stimulated

Back 18

muscle contraction mechanism

Front 19

the site where the motor neuron and muscle fiber meet is the _______ ______

Back 19

neuromuscular junction

Front 20

the muscle fiber membrane forms a in which the sarcolemma is tightly folded and where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant

Back 20

motor end plate

Front 21

the cytoplasm of the motor neuron contains numerous mitochondria and synaptic vesicles storing ..

Back 21

neurotransmitters

Front 22

motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls make up a .... when stimulated muscle fibers contract at once

Back 22

motor unit

Front 23

involves several compnents that result in the shortening of sarcomeres and the pulling if muscle against attachments

Back 23

muscle contraction

Front 24

two proteins associated with the surface of the actin filaments.

Back 24

tropomysosin and troponin

Front 25

consists of two twisted strands with globular cross-bridges projected outward along the strands

Back 25

role of myosin

Front 26

is a globular protein with myosin binding sites

Back 26

role of actin

Front 27

according to the _____ ____ ____ of mucle contraction the myosin crossbridges attaches to the binding site on the actin filaments and bends pulling on the actin filament.

Back 27

slinding filament theory

Front 28

-___ causing them to in a cocked position

Back 28

atphase

Front 29

sotres excess energy released by the mitochondria is present to regenerate atp from adp and phophate

Back 29

creatine phospahte

Front 30

____ in red blood cells carries oxygen to muscle

Back 30

hemoglobin

Front 31

the pigment ___ stores oxygen in muscle tissue

Back 31

myoglobin

Front 32

what accumulates as an end product of an anearobic respiration.

Back 32

lactic acid

Front 33

refers to the amount of oxygen that liver cells require to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose

Back 33

oxygen debt

Front 34

when the muscle loses its ability to contract during strenuous exercise ___

Back 34

fatigue

Front 35

usually arises fomr the accumulation of lactic acid i nthe muscle

Back 35

muscle fatigue

Front 36

a____ ___ occurs due to a lack of atp required to return calcium ions back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum so muscle fibers can relax

Back 36

muscle cramp

Front 37

contraction of ______ ______represents an important source of heat for the body

Back 37

skeletal muscle

Front 38

a muslce fiber remains unresponsive to stimulation unless that stimulus is of a certain strength called the.....

Back 38

threshold stimulus

Front 39

when a muscle fibersintracts it contracts to its full extent cannot extract partially

Back 39

all-or-none response

Front 40

recording of an electrically stimulated muscle contraction

Back 40

myogram

Front 41

single short contraction involving only a few motor units is referred to as a

Back 41

twitch

Front 42

time delay between when the stimulus is applied and when the muscle contracts is called

Back 42

latent period

Front 43

a point when it is unable to relax completely and the force of individual tiwitches combine the process of

Back 43

summation

Front 44

sustain contraction lacks any relaxation

Back 44

tetanic contraction

Front 45

increase in the number of activated motor units within a muscle at higher intsities of stimulation

Back 45

recruitment

Front 46

summation and recruitment together can produce a _____ ____ of increasing strength

Back 46

sustained reaction

Front 47

achieved by a continuous state of sustained contraction of motor units within a muscle

Back 47

muscle tone

Front 48

cells are elongated with tapered ends lack striations and have a relatively undeveloped sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 48

smooth muscle

Front 49

two types of smooth muscle

Back 49

muliunit and visceral

Front 50

in blood vessels and iris of the eye fibers occur seperatly rather then in sheets

Back 50

multiunit smooth muscle

Front 51

in sheets is found in the walls of hallow organs

Back 51

visceral smooth muscle

Front 52

extra calcium contracts for a longer time, complex membrane junctions, self exiting and rythmatic contracts as a unit

Back 52

cardiac muscle

Front 53

immovable end of a muscle

Back 53

origin

Front 54

movable end of a muscle

Back 54

insertion

Front 55

contraction pulls the insertion toward the ___

Back 55

origin