Chapter 8

Front 1

How are joints classified?

Back 1

Joints are classified according to structure (the type of tissue that binds the bones) and function (the degree of movement possible).

Front 2

Fibrous joints

Back 2

Bones at fibrous joints are tightly fastened to each other by a layer of dense connective tissue with many collagen fibers.

Front 3

What are the three types of fibrous joints.

Back 3

Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis

Front 4

A syndesmosis

Back 4

has bones bound by long connective tissue fibers.

Front 5

A suture is

Back 5

where flat bones are united by a thin layer of connective tissue and are interlocked by a set of bony processes.

Front 6

anul-

Back 6

ring: anular ligament—ring-shaped band of connective tissue below the elbow joint that encircles the head of the radius.

Front 7

anul-

Back 7

ring: anular ligament—ring-shaped band of connective tissue below the elbow joint that encircles the head of the radius.

Front 8

arth-,

Back 8

joint: arthrology—study of joints and ligaments.

Front 9

5 What is the function of an intervertebral disc?

Back 9

absorbs shocks and helps equalize pressure between the vertebrae when the body moves.

Front 10

(4)In a hinge joint,

Back 10

the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone.

This joint permits movement in one plane only.

The elbow and the joints of the phalanges are the hinge type.

Front 11

(5)In a pivot joint,

Back 11

a cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring of bone and ligament.

This joint permits rotational movement.

The articulation between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna is a pivot joint.

Front 12

(4)In a hinge joint,

Back 12

the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone.

This joint permits movement in one plane only.

The elbow and the joints of the phalanges are the hinge type.

Front 13

Synovial Joints

Back 13

A joint capsule strengthened by ligaments holds bones together.

Front 14

How are joints classified?

Back 14

Joints are classified according to structure (the type of tissue that binds the bones) and function (the degree of movement possible).

Front 15

Fibrous joints

Back 15

Bones at fibrous joints are tightly fastened to each other by a layer of dense connective tissue with many collagen fibers.

Front 16

Describe three types of fibrous joints.

Back 16

Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis

Front 17

A syndesmosis

Back 17

has bones bound by long connective tissue fibers.

Front 18

A suture

Back 18

is where flat bones are united by a thin layer of connective tissue and are interlocked by a set of bony processes.

Front 19

A gomphosis

Back 19

is formed by the union of a cone-shaped bony process with a bony socket.

Front 20

What is the function of the fontanels?

Back 20

Functionally, the fontanels serve as spacers for the growth of neighboring skull bones and provide some flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal and later permitting rapid growth of the brain during infancy.

Front 21

Cartilaginous joints

Back 21

A layer of cartilage holds together bones of cartilaginous joints.

Front 22

A synchondrosis

Back 22

occurs where bones are united by hyaline cartilage that may disappear as a result of bone growth.

Front 23

A symphysis

Back 23

is found where articular surfaces of the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage.

Front 24

What is the function of an intervertebral disc?

Back 24

absorbs shocks and helps equalize pressure between the vertebrae when the body moves.

Front 25

Synovial joints

Back 25

Synovial joints have a more complex structure than other types of joints.

Front 26

Synovial joint.

Back 26

Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones in a synovial joint.

Front 27

Synovial Joints

Back 27

A joint capsule strengthened by ligaments holds bones together.

Front 28

A synovial membrane

Back 28

that secretes synovial fluid lines the inner layer of a joint capsule.

Front 29

Menisci

Back 29

divide some synovial joints into compartments.

Front 30

Some synovial joints have fluid-filled bursae.

Back 30

(1)Most bursae are located between the skin and underlying bony prominences.

(2)Bursae cushion and aid movements of tendons over bony parts.

(3)Bursae are named according to their locations.

Front 31

What is the function of the synovial fluid?

Back 31

Synovial fluid moistens, provides nutrients, and lubricates the articular surfaces.

Front 32

Name six types of synovial joints.

Back 32

(1) In a ball-and-socket joint

(2)A condylar joint

(3)Articular surfaces of plane joints

(4)In a hinge joint

(5)In a pivot joint

(6)A saddle joint

Front 33

(1)In a ball-and-socket joint

Back 33

the globular head of a bone fits into the cup-shaped cavity of another bone.

These joints permit a wide variety of movements.

The hip and shoulder are ball-and-socket joints.

Front 34

(2)A condylar joint

Back 34

consists of an ovoid condyle of one bone fitting into an elliptical cavity of another bone.

This joint permits movement in two planes.

The joints between the metacarpals and phalanges are condylar.

Front 35

(3)Articular surfaces of plane joints

Back 35

are nearly flat.

These joints permit the articular surfaces to slide back and forth.

Most of the joints of the wrist and ankle are plane joints.

Front 36

(4)In a hinge joint,

Back 36

the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone.

This joint permits movement in one plane only.

The elbow and the joints of the phalanges are the hinge type.

Front 37

(5)In a pivot joint,

Back 37

a cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring of bone and ligament.

This joint permits rotational movement.

The articulation between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna is a pivot joint.

Front 38

(6)A saddle joint

Back 38

forms between bones that have complementary surfaces with both concave and convex regions.

-This joint permits a variety of movements.

The articulation between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb is a saddle joint.

Front 39

9 Describe the structure of each type of synovial joint.

Back 39

The ends of the bones in a synovial joint are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Ligaments in the joint capsule help bind the articular ends of the bones. The inner layer of the joint capsule (synovial membrane) secretes synovial fluid into the joint to moisten and lubricate. Some synovial joints have menisci between the articular surfaces and/or bursae (fluid-filled sacs between the skin and bony prominences).

Front 40

Which parts help keep together the articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint?

Back 40

Articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint are kept together by the joint capsule reinforced by the coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligaments, and transverse humeral ligament.

Front 41

What factors allow an especially wide range of motion in the shoulder?

Back 41

The looseness of the attachments and the large articular surface of the humerus in the shallow glenoid cavity allow for the especially wide range of motion in the shoulder.

Front 42

Which structures form the hinge joint of the elbow?

Back 42

The hinge of the elbow is formed by the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna.

Front 43

Which parts of the elbow permit pronation and supination of the hand?

Back 43

The head of the radius rotating in the angular ligament permits pronation and supination of the forearm.

Front 44

Which structures help keep the articulating surfaces of the hip together?

Back 44

A ring of fibrocartilage (acetabular labrum) and a cylindrical joint capsule reinforced with ligaments including the iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligament help keep the articulating surfaces of the hip together.

Front 45

What types of movement does the hip joint permit?

Back 45

The hip joint permits a wide variety of movements including flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction.

Front 46

What types of joints are in the knee?

Back 46

The knee has a modified hinge joint (between the femur and tibia) and a plane joint (between the femur and patella).

Front 47

Which parts help hold together the articulating surfaces of the knee?

Back 47

Ligaments and tendons help strengthen the joint capsule of the knee. Ligaments that strengthen the joint capsule include the patellar ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, tibial collateral ligament, and fibular collateral ligament. Additional ligaments, the cruciate ligaments, help prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces.

Front 48

Describe the loss of function in synovial joints as a progressive process.

Back 48

Fewer capillaries serving the synovial membrane decrease synovial fluid. The synovial membrane becomes infiltrated with cartilage and stiffens. Collagen crosslinks shortens and stiffens the ligaments.

Front 49

anul-

Back 49

ring: anular ligament—ring-shaped band of connective tissue below the elbow joint that encircles the head of the radius.

Front 50

arth-,

Back 50

joint: arthrology—study of joints and ligaments.

Front 51

burs-,

Back 51

bag, purse: prepatellar bursa—fluid-filled sac between the skin and the patella.

Front 52

glen-,

Back 52

joint socket: glenoid cavity—depression in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

Front 53

labr-,

Back 53

lip: glenoidal labrum—rim of fibrocartilage attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity.

Front 54

ov-,

Back 54

egglike: synovial fluid—thick fluid in a joint cavity that resembles egg white.

Front 55

sutur-,

Back 55

sewing: suture—type of joint in which flat bones are interlocked by a set of tiny bony processes.

Front 56

syn-,

Back 56

with, together: synchondrosis—type of joint in which the bones are held together by cartilage.

Front 57

syndesm-,

Back 57

band, ligament: syndesmosis—type of joint in which the bones are held together by long fibers of connective tissue.