Chapter 8

Front 1

The sites where two or more bones meet

Back 1

Joint

Front 2

List the two functions of joints.

Back 2

mobility, hold skeleton together

Front 3

Define synarthroses in terms of function:

Back 3

immovable; fibrous

Front 4

Define amphiarthroses in terms of function:

Back 4

slightly movable; cartilaginous

Front 5

Define diarthroses in terms of function:

Back 5

freely movable; synovial

Front 6

Why aren’t all joints freely movable?

Back 6

To provide stability

Front 7

List the two factors that determine the structural classification of a body joint.

Back 7

material binding bones together

whether or not a joint cavity is present

Front 8

List the three major structural classifications

Back 8

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Front 9

The skull is an example of which type of fibrous joint?

Back 9

skull

Front 10

when sutures ossify in middle ages this is known as what?

Back 10

synostoses

Front 11

synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint is an example of which fibrous joint?

Back 11

syndesmoses

Front 12

peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets is an example of which fibrous joint?

Back 12

gomphoses

Front 13

epiphyseal plates of children are examples of which type of cartilaginous joint?

Back 13

synchondroses

Front 14

intervertebral joints are examples of which type of cartilaginous joint?

Back 14

symphyses

Front 15

which two branches of the coeliac trunk go to the left?

Back 15

left gastric artery, splenic artery

Front 16

Classify gomphoses:

Back 16

amphiarthrotic

Front 17

Classify symphyses:

Back 17

amphiarthrotic

Front 18

Classify syndesmoses:

Back 18

amphiarthrotic

Front 19

Classify synchondroses:

Back 19

synarthrotic

Front 20

Classify synovial

Back 20

diarthrotic

Front 21

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes; act as ball-bearings.

Back 21

Bursa

Front 22

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon:

Back 22

Tendon sheath

Front 23

What three factors determine stability of joints? Which is the most important of the three?

Back 23

Shapes of articular surfaces
Ligament number and location
muscle tone (most important)

Front 24

attachment to the immovable bone:

Back 24

origin

Front 25

attachment to the immovable bone

Back 25

insertion

Front 26

slipping movements

Back 26

nonaxial

Front 27

movement in one plane

Back 27

uniaxial

Front 28

movement in two planes

Back 28

biaxial

Front 29

movement in or around all 3 planes:

Back 29

multiaxial

Front 30

occurs when one flat, or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another:

Back 30

Gliding

Front 31

decreases the angle of the joint

Back 31

flexion

Front 32

increases the angle of the joint

Back 32

extension

Front 33

excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

Back 33

hyperextension

Front 34

movement away from the midline

Back 34

abduction

Front 35

movement toward the midline

Back 35

adduction

Front 36

circular movement

Back 36

circumduction

Front 37

the turning of a bone around its own long axis

Back 37

rotation

Front 38

turning hands palm up

Back 38

supination

Front 39

turning hands palm down

Back 39

pronation

Front 40

upward movement, walking on heels

Back 40

dorsiflexion

Front 41

downward movement; walking on tip toes

Back 41

plantar flexion

Front 42

turn medially inward

Back 42

inversion

Front 43

turn laterally outward

Back 43

eversion

Front 44

jut out your mandible

Back 44

protraction

Front 45

moving of mandible to original position

Back 45

retraction

Front 46

lifting a body part superiorly

Back 46

elevation

Front 47

moving a body part inferiorly

Back 47

depression

Front 48

thumbs touching the tips of other fingers

Back 48

opposition

Front 49

nonaxial (e.g. short, gliding movements)

Back 49

plane

Front 50

uniaxial (e.g. Flexion and extension)

Back 50

Hinge

Front 51

uniaxial (e.g. rotation)

Back 51

pivot

Front 52

Biaxial (e.g. angular movements)

Back 52

condyloid

Front 53

Biaxial (e.g. twiddling thumbs)

Back 53

saddle

Front 54

multiaxial (e.g. freely moving)

Back 54

ball and socket

Front 55

List the purpose of the anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments

Back 55

Prevent anterior-posterior displacement

Front 56

Describe the structures of the knee joint most commonly involved in a sports-related knee injury

Back 56

Collateral ligaments
cruciate ligaments
cartilage

Front 57

What joint part is involved in the disorder commonly called a “torn cartilage”?

Back 57

medial meniscus

Front 58

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being “double jointed”?

Back 58

Advantage: stretchy looser joint capsules and ligaments

Disadvantages: wears out joints faster

Front 59

List movements allowed at the elbow joint.

Back 59

Flexion and extension

Front 60

List the main reason for the stability of the elbow joint.

Back 60

Articular surfaces are highly complementary

Front 61

Why isn’t the hip (coxal) joint as freely movable as the shoulder?

Back 61

Because it has a deep socket and strong ligaments

Front 62

What advantage does the hip (coxal) joint have?

Back 62

weight-bearing

Front 63

What movements are allowed at the temporomandibular joint?

Back 63

Hinge and gliding

Front 64

Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn:

Back 64

sprain

Front 65

Pulled muscle, excessive stretching

Back 65

strain

Front 66

______ sprains slowly repair themselves:

Back 66

partial

Front 67

______ sprains require surgical repair

Back 67

complete

Front 68

This occurs when bones are forced out of alignment

Back 68

Dislocation

Front 69

Why is dislocation common after it has occurred?

Back 69

Because initial dislocation stretches joint capsule and ligaments.

Front 70

Inflammation of a bursa:

Back 70

bursitis

Front 71

inflammation of tendon sheaths

Back 71

tendonitis

Front 72

inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints:

Back 72

arthritis

Front 73

chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause.

Back 73

rheumatoid

Front 74

irreversible degenerative arthritis

Back 74

osteoarthritis

Front 75

deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues

Back 75

gouty

Front 76

What exercise would be best to stave off arthritis?

Back 76

swimming