Chapter 7: Urinary System

Front 1

arteriole

Back 1

Small artery.

Front 2

calyx or calix
(plural: calyces or calices)

Back 2

Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis.

Front 3

catheter

Back 3

Tube for injecting or removing fluids.

Front 4

cortex

Back 4

Outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney.

Front 5

creatinine

Back 5

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood.

Front 6

electrolyte

Back 6

Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves.

The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) are electrolytes.

Front 7

erythropoietin
(EPO)

Back 7

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.

-poietin means a substance that forms.

Front 8

filtration

Back 8

Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. In the kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter (glomerulus).

About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% of the water and salts. Only about 1/2 quarts (1500 mL) of urine are excreted daily.

Front 9

glomerular capsule

Back 9

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.

Front 10

glomerulus
(plural: glomeruli)

Back 10

Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidneys.

Front 11

hilum

Back 11

Depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.

Front 12

kidney

Back 12

One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine.

Front 13

meatus

Back 13

Opening or canal.

Front 14

medulla

Back 14

Inner region of an organ.

The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney (medullary means pertaining to the medulla).

Front 15

nephron

Back 15

Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney.

It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.

Front 16

nitrogenous waste

Back 16

Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.

Front 17

potassium (K+)

Back 17

An electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood.

Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.

Front 18

reabsorption

Back 18

Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.

Front 19

renal artery

Back 19

Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.

Front 20

renal pelvis

Back 20

Central collecting region in the kidney.

Front 21

renal tubule

Back 21

Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.

Front 22

renal vein

Back 22

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.

Front 23

renin

Back 23

Hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).

Front 24

sodium (Na+)

Back 24

An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions.

Front 25

trigone

Back 25

Triangular area in the urinary bladder.

Front 26

urea

Back 26

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.

Front 27

ureter

Back 27

One of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Front 28

urethra

Back 28

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Front 29

uric acid

Back 29

Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.

Front 30

urinary bladder

Back 30

Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.

Front 31

urination
(voiding)

Back 31

Process of expelling urine; also called micturition.

Front 32

cali/o
calic/o

Back 32

calyx (calyx)

Front 33

cyst/o

Back 33

urinary bladder

Front 34

glomerul/o

Back 34

glomerulus

Front 35

meat/o

Back 35

meatus

Front 36

nephr/o

Back 36

kidney

Front 37

pyel/o

Back 37

renal pelvis

Front 38

ren/o

Back 38

kidney

Front 39

trigon/o

Back 39

trigone (region of the bladder)

Front 40

ureter/o

Back 40

ureter

Front 41

urethr/o

Back 41

urethra

Front 42

vesic/o

Back 42

urinary bladder

Front 43

albumin/o

Back 43

albumin
(a protein in the blood)

Front 44

azot/o

Back 44

nitrogen

Front 45

bacteri/o

Back 45

bacteria

Front 46

dips/o

Back 46

thirst

Front 47

kal/o

Back 47

potassium

Front 48

ket/o,
keton/o

Back 48

ketone bodies
(ketoacids and acetone)

Front 49

lith/o

Back 49

stone

Front 50

natr/o

Back 50

sodium

Front 51

noct/o

Back 51

night

Front 52

olig/o

Back 52

scanty

Front 53

-poietin

Back 53

substance that forms

Front 54

py/o

Back 54

pus

Front 55

-tripsy

Back 55

crushing

Front 56

ur/o

Back 56

urine
(urea)

Front 57

urin/o

Back 57

urine

Front 58

-uria

Back 58

urination;
urine condition

Front 59

glomerulonephritis

Back 59

Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney.

Front 60

interstitial nephritis

Back 60

Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.

Front 61

nephrolithiasis

Back 61

Kidney stones (renal calculi).

Front 62

nephrotic syndrome
(nephrosis)

Back 62

Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.

Front 63

polycystic kidney disease
(PKD)

Back 63

Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney.

Front 64

pyelonephritis

Back 64

Inflammation of the lining if the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma.

Front 65

renal cell carcinoma
(hypernephroma)

Back 65

Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.

Front 66

renal failure

Back 66

Kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function.

Front 67

renal hypertension

Back 67

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease.

Front 68

Wilms tumor

Back 68

Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood.

Front 69

bladder cancer

Back 69

Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder.

Front 70

diabetes insipidus

Back 70

Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect.

Very dilute and watery urine.

Front 71

diabetes mellitus

Back 71

Insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body.

Mellitus means sweet, reflecting the content of sugar in the urine.

Front 72

blood urea nitrogen
(BUN)

Back 72

Measurement of urea levels in blood.

Front 73

creatinine clearance

Back 73

Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.

Front 74

CT scan

Back 74

X-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues.

Front 75

kidneys, ureters, and bladder
(KUB)

Back 75

X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

Front 76

renal angiography

Back 76

X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney.

Front 77

retrograde pyelogram
(RP)

Back 77

X-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.

Front 78

voiding cystourethrogram
(VCUG)

Back 78

X-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding.

Front 79

ultrasonography

Back 79

Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves.

Front 80

radioisotope scan

Back 80

Image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.

Front 81

magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)

Back 81

Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body.

Front 82

cystoscopy

Back 82

Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with in endoscope (cystoscope).

Front 83

dialysis

Back 83

Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the body.

1. Hemodialysis (HD)

2. Peritoneal dialysis (PD)

Front 84

lithotripsy

Back 84

Urinary tract stones are crushed.

Front 85

renal angioplasty

Back 85

Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.

Front 86

renal biopsy

Back 86

Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.

Front 87

renal transplantation

Back 87

Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.

Front 88

urinary catheterization

Back 88

Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument throughout the urethra into the urinary bladder.

Front 89

Phenylketonuria
(PKU)

Back 89

Phenylketones are substances that accumulate in the urine of infants born lacking the important enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.

High levels in an infants bloodstream can cause mental retardation.

Front 90

bilirubinuria

Back 90

The pigment bilirubin is found in the urine when the liver has difficulty removing bilirubin from the blood.

Front 91

pyruria

Back 91

Pus in the urine.

Front 92

albuminuria

Back 92

Protein in the urine.

Front 93

hematuria

Back 93

Blood in the urine.

Front 94

glycosuria

Back 94

Sugar in the urine.

Front 95

ketonuria

Back 95

Ketones or acetones in the urine.

Front 96

bacteriuria

Back 96

Bacteria in the urine.

Front 97

nocturia

Back 97

Frequent urination at night.

Front 98

dysuria

Back 98

Painful urination.

Front 99

oliguria

Back 99

Scanty urination.

Front 100

polyuria

Back 100

Excessive urination.

Front 101

anuria

Back 101

No urination.