Chapter 7 Anatomy Nervous System

Front 1

Endocrine systen

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The secondary control system
regulates the body using hormones

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Two subdivisions of the nervous system

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Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous system

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Spinal Nerves

Back 3

Carries impulses to and from the spinal cord

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Cranial Nerves

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Carry impulses to and from the brain

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Peripheral Nerves

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link the parts of the body carrying impulses (messages) from the sensory receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate muscles or glands

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Subdivisions of PNS

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Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)

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Afferent Division

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consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors.

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Somatic Sensory Fibers

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Afferent
Sensory fibers delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints are

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visceral sensory fibers

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Or Visceral afferents
Those delivering messages from the visceral organs are

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Motor fibers

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carry impulses from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands).

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Somatic Nervous System

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which is the voluntary nervous system

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Two subdivisions of motor division

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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Somatic Nervous System
(SNS)

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Autonomic Nervous system

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Controls the involuntary responses
Reflexes
The ANS is also divided into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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Nervous tissue composed of......

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supporting cells and neurons.

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Neuroglia

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“nerve glue”.
- Neuroglia includes cells that support, insulate and protect the delicate neurons.
Also called glia

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Astrocytes

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star shaped cells with swollen ends that cling to neurons, anchoring them to nutrient supply lines in the capillaries. They also help control the chemical environment of the brain by picking up excess ions and recapturing released neurotransmitters.

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Microglia

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are spider-like phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria.

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Ependymal

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cells line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. The beating of their cilia circulates the cerebrospinal fluid providing a protective cushion for the central nervous system.

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Oligodendrocytes

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are glia that wrap tightly around nerve fibers producing the fatty insulation known as myelin sheaths.

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myelin sheaths.

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the fatty insulation that covers neurons

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Cell Body

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which contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the cell, and one or more slender extensions from the cell body.contains the normal organelles except centrioles, which are not present because neurons are amitotic.

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Nissl substance

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Rough ER
together with neurofibrils, which are important in maintaining cell shape, are abundant in the cell body

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Dendrites

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Neuron processes that send electrical signals toward the cell body are

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Axons

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Neuron processes that send electrical signals Away the cell body are

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axon hillock

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cone-like region of the cell body the axon arises from

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synaptic cleft

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Each axon terminal is separated from the next neuron by this space

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Schwann cells

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Axons outside the CNS are myelinated by SC

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neurilemma

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nerve husk, composed of SC binding with fibers

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nodes of Ranvier

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the gaps between SC in the myelin sheath

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nuclei

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clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

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Central Nervous System

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consists of the brain and the spinal cord. They interpret incoming sensory info and give instructions to the body based on past experience and current conditions.

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Ganglia

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Small collections of cell bodies found in the PNS

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tracts

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Bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS
In the PNS called nerves

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White matter

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consists of dense collections of tracts (myelinated fibers)

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Gray matter

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made up mostly of non-myelinated fibers and cell bodies.

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Multiple Sclerosis MS

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is an autoimmune disorder in which the myelin sheaths around the fibers are gradually destroyed, converted to hardened sheaths called scleroses. With MS, a protein component of the sheath is attacked by one’s immune system. There is no cure, but injections of interferon and oral doses of bovine myelin provide some relief.

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Ganglion

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a knot or knot-like mass; a general term to designate a group of nerve cell bodies, located outside the central nervous system

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cutaneous sense organs

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Sensory neurons in the skin

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proprioceptors

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Sensory neurons in the muscles and tendons
detect the amount of stretch, or tension in skeletal muscles, tendons and joints
keeps our CNS informed about our own bodies and movements.

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pain receptors

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are the least specialized and the most numerous of the cutaneous receptors
bare dendrite endings

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Efferent neurons

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motor neurons
carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles. The cell bodies of the motor neurons are always found in the CNS

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Afferent neurons

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Sensory neurons
carry info to the CNS to be processed

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interneurons

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association neurons
connect the motor neurons to the sensory neurons. Like motor neurons, the cell bodies of the interneurons are always in the CNS.

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multipolar neurons

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all motor neurons and interneurons are this

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Bipolar neurons

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have only two processes extending from the cell body, an axon and a single dendrite
rare in adults and are found only in the sense organs of the ear and the eye.

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Unipolar neurons

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have a single process coming from the cell body. It is very short and divides into proximal (central) and distal (peripheral) fibers. The small branches at the end of the peripheral process are dendrites (bare ends)
the axon conducts nerve impulses both toward and away from the cell body

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irritability

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the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse

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conductivity

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the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles and glands

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Polarized neuron

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resting
neuron has fewer positive ions on the inner face of the neurons plasma membrane than there are on the outer face in the tissue fluid that surrounds it

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salutatory conduction

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faster type of impulse propagation