Chapter 6 Test

Front 1

Behavior that conforms to the rules or norms of the group in which it occurs

Back 1

Normal behavior

Front 2

Ways of directing or influencing members to conform to the group's values and norms

Back 2

Mechanisms of social control

Front 3

Sanctions applied in a public ritual, usually under the direct or indrect control of authorities

Back 3

Formal sanctions

Front 4

Sanctions applied spontaneously by group members with little or no formal direction

Back 4

Informal sanctions

Front 5

Displays that people use spontaneously to express their approval of another's behavior

Back 5

Informal positive sanctions

Front 6

The breaking of criminal laws by individuals younger than age 18

Back 6

Juvenile Crime

Front 7

Any behavior that violates a society's criminal laws

Back 7

Crime

Front 8

The original behavior that leads to the application of a label to an individual

Back 8

Primary deviance

Front 9

The symbolic system in terms of which behavior takes on the quality of being good or bad, right or wrong

Back 9

Moral Code

Front 10

A thin linear body type associated with being inhibited, secretive, and restrained

Back 10

Ectomorph

Front 11

The resocialization of criminals to conform to society's values and norms and the teaching of usable work habits and skills

Back 11

Rehabilitation

Front 12

Actions that encourage an individual to continue acting in a certain way (i.e. rewards)

Back 12

Positive sanctions

Front 13

Behavior that people develop as a result of having been labeled as deviant

Back 13

Secondary Deviance

Front 14

Crimes committed even after punishment has occurred

Back 14

Recidivism

Front 15

A state of normlessness, in which values and norms have little effect and the culture no longer provides adequate guidelines for behavior

Back 15

Anomie

Front 16

Spontaneous displays of disapproval or displeasure

Back 16

Informal negative sanctions

Front 17

Acts by individuals who, while occupying positions of social responsibility or high prestige, break the law in cource of their work

Back 17

White-collar crime

Front 18

People who pull back from society altogether and cease to pursue culturally legitimitate goals

Back 18

Retreatists

Front 19

Behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of a group in which it occurs.

Back 19

Deviant Behavior

Front 20

Acts that violate those laws meant to enforce the moral code

Back 20

Victimless crime

Front 21

A ruggedly muscular body type associated with being assertive and action oriented

Back 21

Mesomorph

Front 22

According to Lombroso, evolutionary throwbacks whose behavior is more apelike than human

Back 22

Atavistic being

Front 23

A thought process that makes it possible to justify illegal or deviant behavior

Back 23

Techniques of neutralization

Front 24

The most serious crimes, usually punishable by a year or more in prison

Back 24

felonies

Front 25

Argues that deviant behavior is an intregal part of all healthy societies; developed the concept of anomie

Back 25

Emile Durkheim

Front 26

Suggested that criminals were evolutionary throwbacks who could be identified by primitive physical features, particularly with regard to the head

Back 26

Cesare Lombroso

Front 27

Argued that crime is produced by the unconscious impulses of the individual

Back 27

Sigmund Freud

Front 28

Argued that crime is the product of a rational choice by an individual as a result of weighing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action

Back 28

James Q. Wilson and Richard Hernstein

Front 29

Developed control theory in which it is hypothesized that the strength of social bonds keeps most of us from becoming criminals

Back 29

Travis Hirschi

Front 30

Suggested that certain neighborhoods generate a culture of crime that is passed on to residents

Back 30

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

Front 31

Developed the theory of differential association to explain why some people and not others become deviant; coined the tern white-collar crime

Back 31

Edwin H. Sutherland

Front 32

Pioneered the development of labeling theory

Back 32

Edwin Lemert

Front 33

Argued that even if there were only a slim possibility that executing a murderer would deter future murders, we should execute them

Back 33

Ernst van den Haag

Front 34

Argued that the born criminal was a scientific reality and that crime was not the product of social conditions but the outgrowth of "organic" inferiority

Back 34

E.A. Hooten