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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skeletal Cartilage is surrounded by
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perichondrium
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Name the three types of skeletal cartilage
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-hyaline
-elastic -fibrocartilage |
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What is the most abundant skeletal tissue
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Hylaine Cartilage
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Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)
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Covers the long bone
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Costal Cartilage (Hyaline)
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Connects the ribs to the sternum
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Which cartilage makes up the larynx and reinforces air passages
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Respiratory Cartilage (Hyaline)
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Nasal Cartilage (Hyaline)
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Supports the Nose
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This cartilage is similar to hayline but contains elastic fibers
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Elastic Cartilage
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This cartilage is found in the external ear and the epiglottis
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Elastic Cartilage
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This cartilage is highly compressed with great tensile strength
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Fibrocartilage
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What cartilage is found in the menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs
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Fibrocartilage
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Appositional
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cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
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Interstitial
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lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
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These are the bones of the skull, vertebral, and spinal column
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Axial Skeleton
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These are bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
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Appendicular skeleton
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Describe the "Support" function of the bone
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form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
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Describe the "Protection" function of the bone
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provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
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The movement of bones provides ________ for muscles
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levers
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Describe mineral storage function in bones
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reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
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___________ occurs within the marrow cavities of bones
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hematopoiesis
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Name the three functions of bulges, depressions and groves in the bones
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-Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
-Joint surfaces -Conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
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Name the three functions of bulges, depressions and groves in the bones
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-Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
-Joint surfaces -Conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
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Tuberosity
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Rounded projection
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Crest
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narrow, prominent ridge of bone
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Trochanter
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large, blunt, irregular surface
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Line
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narrow ridge of bone
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Tubercle
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small rounded projection
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Epicondyle
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raised area above a condyle
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Spine
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sharp, slender projection
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Process
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any bony prominence
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Head (Projection that help form joints)
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bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
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Facet (Projections that help form joints)
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smooth, nearly flat articular surface
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Condyle (Projections that help form joints)
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rounded articular projection
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Ramus (Projections that help form joints)
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armlike bar of bone
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Meatus (Bone Marking)
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canal-like passageway
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Sinus (Bone Marking)
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cavity within a bone
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Fossa (Bone Marking)
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shallow, basinlike depression
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Groove (Bone Marking)
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furrow
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Fissure (Bone Marking)
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narrow, slitlike opening
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Foramen (Bone Marking)
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round or oval opening through a bone
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Compact bone (Bone Texture)
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dense outer layer
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Spongy bone (Bone Texture)
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honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow
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Long bones consist of a _______ and an ________
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-diaphysis
-epiphysis |
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Diaphysis
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Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
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Diaphysis is Composed of compact bone that surrounds the ________ cavity
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medullary
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Epiphyses
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Expanded ends of long bones
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Epiphyseal line separates the ______ from the _______
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-diaphysis
-epiphyses |
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Periosteum
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double-layered protective membrane
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Which bone membrane Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
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Periosteum
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How is the periosteum secured to the underlying bone
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Sharpey’s fibers
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Which membrane is the delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
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Endosteum
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Where is Hematopoietic Tissue located in infants
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-medullary cavity
-all areas of spongy bone |
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Where is Hematopoietic Tissue located in adults
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-diploë of flat bones
-the head of the femur and humerus |
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What is the structural unit of the compact bone
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osteon
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Lamella
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weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
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Haversian
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central channel containing blood vessels and nerves*
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Volkmann’s canals
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channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal
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What are the mature bone cells
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Osteocytes
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Lacunae
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small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
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What are the hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
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Canaliculi
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Osteoblasts
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bone-forming cells
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Osteocytes
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mature bone cells
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Osteoclasts
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large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
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Osteoid
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unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
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Hydroxyapatites/Mineral Salts
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calcium phosphates
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Hydroxyapatites
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65% of bone by mass
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bone develops from a fibrous membrane
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Intramembranous ossification
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Endochondral ossification
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bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
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Cartilage on the side of the _______ _______ closest to the ______ is relatively inactive
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Epiphyseal, Plate, Epiphysis
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Cartilage ______ the ________ of the _______ organizes into a pattern that allow fast efficient growth
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Abutting, Shaft, Bone
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Cells of the epiphyseal plate proximal to the resting cartilage form these three functionally different zones
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-Growth
-Transformation -Osteogenic |
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Describe the functional zone in long bone growth "Growth Zone"
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Cartilage cell undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
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Describe this functional zone in long bone growth "Transformation Zone"
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Older cell enlarge, the matrix become calcified, cartilage cells die and the matrix begins to deteriorate
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Describe this functional zone in long bone growth "Osteogenic Zone"
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New bone formation occurs
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Describe how long bone grows in length
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Cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone
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Describe how long bone remodels
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Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth
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During infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by ________ ________
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Growth Hormone
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During puberty testosterone and estrogens do these two major task
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-Promote adolescent growth spurts
-Induce epiphyseal plate closure |
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During the remodeling process adjacent _______ and ________ deposit and resorb bone at ________ and _________ surfaces
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-Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts
-Periosteal, Endosteal |
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When does bone deposition occur
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Where bones is injured or needs added strength
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Name the 6 items the body needs in order for bone deposition to occur properly
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-Protein, Vitamin C D and A, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, and Manganese
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Osteoid Seam
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Unmineralized band of bone matrix
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Calcification Front
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Abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone
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Bone resorption is accomplished
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Osteoclasts
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Resorption involves osteoclast secretion of?
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Lysosomal enzymes
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Dissolved matrix is _______ across the osteoclasts cell where it is secreted into the ______ ________ and then into the blood
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Transcytosed
Interstitial Fluid |
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Name the 5 major things that calcium is necessary for
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-Transmission of nerve impulses
-Muscle Contraction -Blood Coagulation -Secretion by gland and nerve cells -Cell Division |
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Rising blood Ca levels triggers the thyroid to release
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Calcitonin
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What stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
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Calcitonin
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Falling blood Ca levels signal the parathyroid glands to release
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PTH
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PTH signals osteoclasts to
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degrade bone matrix and release Ca into the blood
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Wolff's Law
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A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it
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Bone fractures are classified by
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-Position of bone after fracture
-Completeness of Break -Orientation of bones -Whether bone penetrates skin |
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Nondisplaced Fracture
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Bone ends retain their normal position
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Displaced Fracture
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Bones ends are out of normal allignment
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Complete Fracture
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Bone is broke all the way though
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Incomplete Fracture
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Bone is not broken all the way
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Transverse
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The fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
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Compound (Open) Fracture
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Bone penetrates the skin
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Simple (Closed) Fracture
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Bone ends do not penetrate the skin
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Comminuted Fracture
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Bone fragments into three or more pieces
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Spiral Fracture
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When bone is excessively twisted
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Depressed Fracture
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Broken bone portion is pressed inward; Typical skull fracture
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Compression Fracture
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Bone is crushed
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Epiphyseal Fracture
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Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; Occurs where cartilage cells are dying Salter Classification 1-5
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Greenstick Fracture
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Incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; Common in children
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Hematoma Formation
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-Torn Blood vessels hemorrhage
-A Mass of clotted blood forms -Site becomes swollen and painful |
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Fibrocartilageinous Callus form when?
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Osteoblasts and fibroblasts migrate to the fracture and begin reconstruction the bone
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Another way fibrocartilageinous callus forms
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Osteoblasts further from capillaries secrete an external bulging cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies
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When does bone callus begin
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3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later
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How does osteomalacia happen
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Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
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What in the body causes osteomalacia
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Insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency
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What is a ricket
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Bones of children that are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
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What in the body causes rickets
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Insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency
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What is osteoporosis
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group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposits
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Who does osteoporosis occur most often in
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postmenopausal women
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Name the three ways to treat osteoporosis
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-Calcium and Vitamin D supplements
-Increased weight bearing exercise -Estrogen replacement therapy (Slows bone loss) |
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How is pagets disease characterized
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by excessive bone formation and breakdown
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Where is pagets disease usually located
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Spine, Pelvis, Femur and Skull
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What is the treatment for Pagets disease
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Drugs Didronate and Fosamax
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At which age are all bones nearly ossified
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25
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