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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size
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Magnification
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the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points
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Resolution
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visible differences in parts of the sample
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Contrast
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In a _____________, visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
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light microscope (LM)
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membrane-enclosed compartments
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organelles
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used to study subcellular structures
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electron microscopes (EMs)
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focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D
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Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)
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focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
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Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)
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Semifluid substance
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cytosol
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DNA in an unbound region
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nucleoid
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bound by the plasma membrane
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Cytoplasm
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characterized by having DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope, Membrane-bound organelles, & Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma
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Eukaryotic cells
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a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
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plasma membrane
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contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell
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The nucleus
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uses the information from the DNA to make proteins
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ribosomes
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contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
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The nucleus
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encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
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nuclear envelope
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a double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
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nuclear membrane
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regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
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Pores
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In the nucleus, discrete units where DNA is organized
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chromosomes
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The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called
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chromatin
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Chromatin condenses to form discrete ________ as a cell prepares to divide
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chromosomes
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particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
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Ribosomes
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Where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis? (2 locations)
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In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
& On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes) |
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What are the 5 components of the endomembrane system?
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Nuclear envelope,
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles |
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accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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The ER membrane is continuous with the ______
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nuclear envelope
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Distinct region of the ER which lacks ribosomes
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Smooth ER
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Distinct region of the ER which surface is studded with ribosomes
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Rough ER
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What are the 4 functions of the smooth ER?
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Synthesizes lipids,
Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons, Stores calcium ions |
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proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
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glycoproteins
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proteins surrounded by membranes
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transport vesicles
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consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
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Golgi apparatus
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flattened membranous sacs
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cisternae
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What are the 3 functions of the Golgi apparatus?
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Modifies products of the ER,
Manufactures certain macromolecules, Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles |
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a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules, i.e. proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
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lysosome
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Where do lysosomal enzymes work best?
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in the acidic environment inside the lysosome
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engulfing another cell which forms a food vacuole
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phagocytosis
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A ______ fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
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lysosome
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a process which uses enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules
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autophagy
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A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or several ______, derived from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
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vacuoles
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formed by phagocytosis
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Food vacuoles
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found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells
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Contractile vacuoles
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found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water
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Central vacuoles
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the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
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Mitochondria
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found in plants and algae &are the sites of photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts
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oxidative organelles
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Peroxisomes
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria which lead to the ____________
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Endosymbiont Theory
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3 parts of the Endosymbiont Theory
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Enveloped by a double membrane,
Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules, Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells |
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Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into ______
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cristae
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What are the two compartments of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
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intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
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Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the ________________
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mitochondrial matrix
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presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
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Cristae
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________ contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts
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found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae
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Chloroplasts
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membranous sacs in chloroplasts
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Thylakoids
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thylakoids stacked to form _______ in chloroplasts
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granum
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the internal fluid in chloroplasts
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Stroma
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The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles, called _______
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plastids
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specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
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Peroxisomes
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produces hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
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Peroxisomes
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a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
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cytoskeleton
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organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles
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cytoskeleton
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three types of molecular structures in the cytoskeleton
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Microtubules,
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments |
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helps to support the cell and maintain its shape
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cytoskeleton
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The cytoskeleton interacts with _______ to produce motility
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motor proteins
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Inside the cell, vesicles can travel along ___________ provided by the cytoskeleton
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“monorails”
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the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
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Microtubules
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the thinnest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
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Microfilaments
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fibers with diameters in a middle range of the three components of the cytoskeleton
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Intermediate filaments
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hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long
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Microtubules
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3 functions of the microtubules
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Shaping the cell, e.g. centrosomes & centrioles,
Guiding movement of organelles, e.g. cilia & flagella, Separating chromosomes during cell division |
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solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
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Microfilaments
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What is the structural role of microfilaments
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to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell
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Microfilaments form a 3-D network called the ______ just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape
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cortex
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_____________ range in diameter from 8–12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
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Intermediate filaments
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supports cell shape and fix organelles in place
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Intermediate filaments
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_____________ are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes
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Intermediate filaments
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an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
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cell wall
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protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
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cell wall
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made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
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cell walls
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thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
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Middle lamella
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added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
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Secondary cell wall
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channels between adjacent plant cells
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Plasmodesmata
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made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
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extracellular matrix (ECM)
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ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called _______
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integrins
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4 functions of the ECM
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Support,
Adhesion, Movement, Regulation |
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4 types of intercellular junctions
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Plasmodesmata
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions |
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channels that perforate plant cell walls
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Plasmodesmata
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At ___________, membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
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tight junctions
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____________ (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets
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Desmosomes
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____________ (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
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Gap junctions
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4 basic features of all cells
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Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol Chromosomes (carry genes) Ribosomes (make proteins) |
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Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having ..... (4 things)
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No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid No membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane |
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Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having ....... (3 things)
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DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus |
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Biologists use ___________ and the tools of biochemistry to study cells
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microscopes
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Eukaryotic cells have ______________ that compartmentalize their functions
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internal membranes
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The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the _________ and carried out by the __________
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nucleus, ribosomes
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The __________________ regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
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endomembrane system
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___________ and ____________ change energy from one form to another
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts
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The ___________ is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
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cytoskeleton
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Extracellular __________ and ___________ between cells help coordinate cellular activities
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components and connections
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