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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the endomembrane system?
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Endomembrane System = Series of internal membranes
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): manufactures membranes Golgi apparatus: finishes, sorts & ships cell products Lysosomes: digest substances Vesicles: transport & store Vacuoles: storage |
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What is the structure and function of ER, Rough and Smooth?
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System of membrane channels & flattened vesicles
Rough = (flat) ribosomes = protein synthesis & processing Rough ER = make secreted or membrane bound proteins Smooth (tubular) = No ribosomes = lipid synthesis make oils, phospholipids & steroids convert glycogen --> glucose help liver detoxify drugs & poisons (alcohol & barbiturates). |
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What is the structure and function of Nucleus?
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The Nucleus = Command Center of the Cell.
Chromatin (DNA + protein) condenses to form chromosomes. Nucleolus = dark sphere = site of ribosome (protein factory) formation ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins = ribosomes. Nuclear pores permit passage into & out of the nucleus. |
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What is the structure and function of Ribosome?
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Ribosomes = protein factories
Large and Small Sub Unit A site = amino acid site P site = peptide site E site = exit site |
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What is the structure and function of Golgi Apparatus?
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Golgi Apparatus: Finishes, Sorts & Ships
Stack of 3-20 flattened sacs (cisternae = pita pockets) Acts as a warehouse: finishes, sorts & ships products Receives, modifies, & packages proteins & lipids from ER Exocytosis = substances exit cytoplasm (secretion) Golgi apparatus: tags & packages materials into transport vesicles Cis side (receiving): receives material by fusing with vesicles Trans side (shipping): releases vesicles that travel to other sites in cell. |
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What is the structure and function of Vesicles?
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Vesicles = small sacs
Vesicles: Transport & store |
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What is the structure and function of Lysosomes?
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Lysosomes = Garbage Disposals of Cell
Contain digestive enzymes from ER & Golgi Work best at acidic pH (pH 5) Fuse with food vacuoles brought into cell by phagocytosis. Autophagy: parts of cell are recycled. Storage disorder: Tay-Sachs (brain) Lysosomes cannot digest plasma membrane. |
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What is the structure and function of Vacuoles?
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Vacuoles = large fluid-filled sacs
store substances (food & water) |
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What is the structure and function of Mitochondria?
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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts:
Convert energy to forms that cells can use Have small quantities of DNA Grow and reproduce as semiautonomous organelles Move around cell along tracks in the cytoskeleton. Mitochondria (eukaryotic cells) = sites of cellular respiration Respiration: Use oxygen to breakdown sugar & form ATP |
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Electons (e-)
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Negatively charged subatomic particle
5.486x10^-4 |
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What is the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
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Mitochondria = Site of Cellular Respiration
1-1000 per cell Has inner & outer membrane Cristae = Inner membrane that encloses matrix *where ATP is made Matrix = fluid-filled space that contains DNA, ribosomes & enzymes Mitochondrial DNA = inherited from mother 7 daughters of Eve Chloroplasts = Site of Photosynthesis Contain own copies of DNA & ribosomes Thylakoid = flattened sac that contains chlorophyll (green pigment) Grana = stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids Stroma = large space that contains photosynthetic enzymes 6C02 + 12 H20 ----------> C6H1206 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O(light + chlorophyll) |
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Can you trace the pathway of cellular products from the nucleus to the cell membrane? Try to.
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???
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What are the structure and major functions of the three cytoskeletal elements?
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Maintains cell shape
Assists in movement Actin Filaments (thin fibers) Structure Pseudopods Microvilli Intermediate Filaments Rope-like fibers Support nuclear envelope Cell-to-cell junctions Microtubules Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin Maintain cell shape & serve as track for organelle movement Interact with dynein & kinesin |
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Which of the three cytoskeletal elements are capable of movement?
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Actin Filaments & Microtubules
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What is a pseudopod?
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Pseudopodia = cellular extensions that move & contract through assembly of actin subunits (help amoebas move).
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What is cytoplasmic streaming?
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Cytoplasmic streaming: actin contractions create a circular flow of cytoplasm (sol) to distribute materials within cell.
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What is the internal structure of flagella and cilia? What is 9+2 mean?
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Flagella = whip-like appendage
10-200 microns long Sperm Some bacteria Aid in cell movement Cilia = hairlike projections found in upper respiratory tract sweep mucus carrying trapped debris from the lungs 0.25 microns wide 2-20 microns long (shorter than flagella) Also found in paramecium 9 + 2 pattern of microtubule doublets Structure = core of microtubules covered by plasma membrane 9 doublets of microtubules surround 2 in center = 9 + 2 pattern Flexible protein “wheels” connect outer doublets to each other & to core Outer doublets = connected by motor proteins Basal body (like centriole): anchors cilia & flagella to cell. |
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What are the three layers of the plant cell wall?
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Plant cell wall = microfibrils of cellulose + proteins (reinforced concrete)
Functions = protection, support, and shape. 3 cell wall layers: primary cell wall middle lamella (sticky polysaccharides) holds cell together secondary cell wall. |
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What is the extracellular matrix?
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ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM)
Functions = support, adhesion, movement & regulation (cell migration) Made of: glycoproteins, collagen, proteoglycans Integrins = membrane proteins that connect ECM to cytoskeleton |
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What are the different kinds of junctions between cells?
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Tight junctions: fuse adjacent cells together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid.
Desmosomes (anchors) fasten cells together into strong sheets reinforced by keratin (intermediate filament). Gap junctions (communication) create channels between adjacent cells that allow salts, sugar & amino acids to pass. |
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What are plasmodesmata?
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Plasmodesmata = channels that allow cysotol to pass between plant cells.
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What is a gap junction?
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Gap junctions (communication) create channels between adjacent cells that allow salts, sugar & amino acids to pass.
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What are desmosomes?
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Desmosomes (anchors) fasten cells together into strong sheets reinforced by keratin (intermediate filament).
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