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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Layers of the heart |
* Epicardium - thin outer layer * Myocardium - middle muscle layer * Endocardium - thin inner layer |
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4 heart chambers |
* Atria (R&L) * Ventricles (R&L) |
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4 valves in the heart |
* Atrioventricular (AV) - tricuspid (right) - bicuspid (left) * Semilunar - pulmonary (right) - aortic (left) |
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Septa |
Partitions separating right and left sides of heart * Interatrial * Interventricular |
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Ischemia |
Inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue * often caused by partial obstruction of coronary artery |
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Myocardial infarction |
Heart attack, caused by complete obstruction of coronary artery or prolonged ischemia |
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Cardiac cycle |
One complete contraction (systole) & relaxation (diastole) of heart Contraction ➡️ systole Relaxation ➡️ diastole |
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Electrical conduction system |
Specialized cells that initiate and distribute electrical impulses throughout the myocardium to coordinate cardiac cycle * Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) initiates electrical impulses |
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
A graphic record of heart's electrical activity during cardiac cycle |
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Origin of the heart sounds |
* First heart sound: "lubb"(Ventricles contract, AV valves close)* Second heart sound: "dupp"(Ventricles relax, semilunar valves close) |
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Heart rate |
Number of heartbeats per minutr |
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Cardiac output |
Volume of blood pumped by heart in 1 minite |
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Pulse |
Palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood passes through |
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Blood pressure |
Force exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels |
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Sphygmomanometer |
Blood pressure cuff |
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Systolic |
Pressure in arteries during contraction of ventricles |
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Diastolic |
Arterial pressure during relaxation of ventricles |
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Pulmonary circulation |
* carries blood from right ventricle of heart to lung * Carbon dioxide is removed; oxygen is picked up * Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium of heart |
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Systemic circulation |
* carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from left ventricle to body cells * Returns deoxygenated blood with carbon dioxide and wastes from cells to right atrium |
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Arteries |
* carry oxygenated blood away from heart to tissues * Thick walls to withstand high-pressure * Aorta is largest artery |
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Arterioles |
Small branches of arteries that join capillaries |
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Veins |
* return deoxygenated blood from tissues to Heart * Thin walls, low pressure * Blood is moved by skeletal muscle movement, valves that prevent backflow, and pressure changes in cavities in breathing |
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Venules |
Small veins that join capillaries |
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Capillaries |
* microscopic, one-cell-thick vessels that connect arterioles and veins * Site of gas exchange between blood and body tissues |
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Blood vessel structure |
Layers: * Tunica adventitia - (outer) connective tissue * Tunica media - (middle) smooth muscle and elastic fibers * Tunica intima - (inner) single layer endothelial cells, basement membrane, connective tissue, and elastic internal membrane |
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Lumen |
Internal space of a blood vessel, through which blood flows |
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Valves |
Thin membranous leaflets in veins prevent backflow of blood |
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Antecubital fossa |
Shallow depression in arm anterior to and Below Bend of elbow * site of Major veins, and thus first choice for venipuncture - H shaped antecubital veins (70%of population) - M shaped antecubital veins |
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H shaped pattern of antecubital veins |
* Median cubital vein 🥇 * Cephalic vein 🥈 * Basilica vein 🥉 |
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M shaped pattern of antecubital veins |
* Cephalic vein * Median vein 🥇 * Median cephalic vein 🥈 * Median basilica vein 🥉 * Basilica vein |
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Erythrocytes |
* Red blood cells * Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide * Produced in bone marrow |
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Leukocytes |
* White blood cells * Formed in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue * Types: - granulocytes - agranuoocytes |
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Thrombocytes (platelets) |
Essential to coagulation |
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ABO blood group system |
* 2 antigens (A & B) * 4 blood types (A, B, AB, & O) |
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Rh blood group system |
* Based on the "D" antigen (also called Rh factor) * Rh positive (Rh ➕) -RBCs have the D antigen * Rh negative (Rh ➖) - RBCs lacks the D antigen |
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Serum |
* fluid portion of blood remaining after clotting * Can be separated from clot by centrifugation * Does not contain fibrinogen (used up in clotting) |
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Plasma |
* fluid portion of whole blood separated from the RBCs, WBCs, and platelets by centrifugation * Contains fibrinogen |
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Hemostasis |
Stoppage of bleeding after injury |
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Coagulation factors |
Proteins required for coagulation |
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Types of coagulation factors |
* Enzyme precursors - precursor protein that becomes enzymes when activated * Cofactors - proteins that accelerate enzymatic reactions in coagulation process * Substrates - substances acted on and changed by enzymes |
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Extrinsic pathway |
* Extrinsic - Outside bloodstream * Initiates the coagulation process |
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Intrinsic pathway |
* Intrinsic - inside bloodstream * Produces thrombin on the surface of activated platelets |
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Fibrinolysis |
* Process by which fibrin is dissolved * Ongoing process: - dissolves clots that form in intact vessels, reopening them - removes homo static clots from tissue as healing occurs |
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The lymphatic system functions |
* returns tissue fluid to bloodstream * Protects body by removing microorganisms and impurities * Processes lymphocytes * Delivers fats absorbed from the small intestine to bloodstream |
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Lymph flow |
* Lymph (fluid) - excess tissue fluid that filters into lymphatic capillaries * Capillaries join to form larger vessels that empty into terminal vessels: - right lymphatic duct - thoracic duct * These two ducts empty into large veins in upper body * Fluid is moved by skeletal muscle contraction * Fluid passes through lymph nodes that filter out impurities |
