Chapter 5: The Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules

Front 1

Secondary structure of a protein

Back 1

Segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the proteins overall shape [Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the amino side chains)]

Front 2

When does a fourth level, quaternary structure, arise in a protein?

Back 2

When a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chains.

Front 3

Enzymatic protein:

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 3

(a) Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

(b) Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Front 4

True or False. Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers.

Back 4

True

Front 5

DNA Structure

Back 5

Front 6

Nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are

Back 6

Cis double bonds

Front 7

Structural Proteins:

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 7

(a) Support

(b) Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs. Collagen and elastin proteins provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.

Front 8

Genes consist of what?

Back 8

DNA

Front 9

Defensive Proteins:

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 9

(a) Protection against disease

(b) Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria

Front 10

Glucose, as well as most other five- and six-carbon sugars, form what shape when in aqueous solutions.

Back 10

Rings

Front 11

(a) DNA sugar

(b) RNA sugar

Difference between a and b

Back 11

(a) Deoxyribose

(b) Ribose

Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen on the second carbon in the ring

Front 12

Polypeptide Backbone

Back 12

The repeating sequence of amino acid carboxyl and amino groups

Front 13

Chitin

Back 13

The carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.

A strong flexible surgical thread that decomposes.

Front 14

Storage Proteins:

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 14

(a) Storage of amino acids

(b) Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.

Front 15

Simplest carbohydrates

Back 15

monosaccharides

Front 16

What is the most structurally sophisticated molecule known?

Back 16

Proteins

Front 17

Nearly every dynamic function of a living being depends on what?

Back 17

Proteins

Front 18

Cells as we know them could not exist without this type of lipid.

Back 18

Phospholipids

Front 19

Nucleic acids exist as ____1_____.

____1_____ consist of _____2______

______2____ consist of ______3______

Back 19

1. Polymers called polynucleotides

2. Nucleotides

3. (a) Five-carbon sugar (pentose)

(b) Nitrogen-containing base (nitrogenous)

(c) One or more Phosphate groups

Front 20

The most common monosaccharide, of central importance in the chemistry of life

Back 20

Glucose

Front 21

Tertiary structure of a protein

Back 21

The overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids.

Front 22

Contractile and motor proteins:

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 22

(a) Movement

(b) Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles.

Front 23

Disulfide bridges

Back 23

Form where 2 cysteine monomers, which have sulfhydryl groups (-SH) on their side chains, are brought together by the folding of the protein. The sulfur of 1 cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second and the disulfide bridge (-S-S-) rivets part of the protein together (tertiary).

Front 24

-ose

Back 24

Sugar

Front 25

Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 25

Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon.

Front 26

Important uses/functions of cellulose.

Back 26

Paper

Cotton (only component)

Insoluble fiber (scrapes digestive tract)

Front 27

Where is glycogen in vertebrates primarily stored?

Back 27

Liver and muscle cells

Front 28

Dehydration Reaction

Back 28

Synthesizing a polymer

Front 29

Proteomics

Back 29

Analysis of large sets of proteins, including their sequences.

Front 30

What is the purpose of a phospholipid bilayer?

Back 30

It forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment

Front 31

Phospholipid

Back 31

Similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three. the 3rd hydroxyl group is joined to a phosphate group. Major constituents of cell membranes.

Front 32

What does the term "hydrogenated" or "trans fat" refer to?

Back 32

Synthetically converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

Front 33

Ketoses (Ketone Sugars)

Back 33

Carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

Front 34

All proteins share how many super-imposed levels of structure?

What are they?

Back 34

3

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Front 35

Enzyme

Back 35

Act as catalysts, chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.

Front 36

Denaturation

Back 36

Weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein are destroyed causing a protein to unravel and lose its shape.

Front 37

Most important large molecules (Life's organic compounds)

Back 37

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Front 38

Macromolecules

Back 38

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Front 39

Hydrophobic Interaction

Back 39

As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein. (exclusion of nonpolar substances by water molecules)

Front 40

Bilayers

Back 40

Phospholipids have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic phosphate group (head). When added to water, they self-assemble into double-layered structures.

Front 41

A fat is constructed from ____1____ and ___2_____ through ______3_____

Back 41

1. Glycerol

2. Fatty Acids

3. Dehydration Reactions

Front 42

Proteins have how many kinds of amino acids?

Back 42

20

Front 43

The bond between amino acids is called what?

Back 43

A peptide bond

Front 44

Flow of genetic information

Back 44

DNA --------> RNA -------> Protein

Transcription Translation

Front 45

Two types of nucleic acids.

Back 45

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Front 46

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Back 46

In the polynucleotide, adjacent nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester linkage, which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides. This bonding results in a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate units.

Front 47

Proteins are all constructed from

Back 47

20 amino acids, linked in unbranched polymers.

Front 48

Alpha Carbon

Back 48

An asymmetric carbon atom at the center of an amino acid.

Front 49

1-2 glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose

Back 49

Sucrose

Front 50

Plants store polysaccharides in the form of

Back 50

Starch (a polymer of glucose monomers)

Front 51

The molecular building blocks of fat are

Back 51

One molecule of glycerol

Three molecules of fatty acids

(triacylglycerol/triglyceride)

Front 52

Site of protein synthesis

Back 52

Ribosomes

Front 53

A polymer of amino acids is called?

Back 53

A polypeptide

Front 54

Where is cholesterol synthesized/obtained by vertebrates?

Back 54

Liver

Diet

Front 55

Animals stored polysaccharides as

Back 55

Glycogen

Front 56

What is the major function of fats?

Back 56

Energy Storage

Front 57

Steroid

Back 57

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

Front 58

Proteins account for how much of the dry mass of most cells?

Back 58

More than 50%

Front 59

Enzymes can be thought of as

Back 59

Workhorses that keep cells running by carrying out the processes of life.

Front 60

Genomics

Back 60

Analyzing large sets of genes or comparing whole genomes of different species

Front 61

Polymers are linked by

Back 61

Covalent Bonds

Front 62

1-4 glycosidic linkage of two glucose molecules

Back 62

Maltose

Front 63

All polypeptides terminate in

Back 63

A single amino end (N-terminus) and a single carboxyl end (C-terminus)

Front 64

Enzymes

Back 64

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Front 65

How are steroids distinguishable from one another?

Back 65

By the particular chemical groups attached to the ensemble (four fused) of rings.

Front 66

The most abundant organic compound on Earth

Back 66

Cellulose

Front 67

Monomers

Back 67

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Front 68

What is the difference between the Alpha and Beta forms of glucose?

Back 68

Placement of hydroxyl group

Front 69

Chaperonins (Chaperone proteins)

Back 69

Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

Front 70

Protein

Back 70

A biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Front 71

Peptide Bond

Back 71

Covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction when two amino acids are positioned with a carboxyl group adjacent to an amino group.

Front 72

Simplest form of starch

Back 72

Amylose (unbranched)

Front 73

Genome

Back 73

The entire sequence of the full complement of DNA

Front 74

Aldoses (Aldehyde sugars)

Back 74

Carbonyl group at end of carbon skeleton

Front 75

What is responsible for the kink in the hydrocarbon chain of an unsaturated fat?

Back 75

Cis double bond

Front 76

Glycosidic Linkage

Back 76

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Front 77

Why are lipid compounds grouped together?

Back 77

Beacuse they mix poorly if at all with water

Front 78

In a polypeptide of any significant size the chemical nature is determined by?

Back 78

The kind and sequence of the side chains (R group)

Front 79

Dehydration Reaction

Back 79

Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule

Front 80

Lipids consist mostly of

Back 80

Hydrocarbon Regions

Front 81

Transport Proteins:

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 81

(a) Transport of substances

(b) Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Other proteins transport molecules across membranes.

Front 82

Polymer

Back 82

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Front 83

The methods that makes working out 3D structures of proteins possible

Back 83

X-ray crystallography

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Bioinformatics

Front 84

Starch is stored in

Back 84

Plastids

Front 85

Cellular Respiration

Back 85

Cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions

Front 86

Hydrolysis

Back 86

The disassembly of polymers into monomers

Front 87

Receptor Proteins

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 87

(a) Response of cell to chemical stimuli

(b) Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells.

Front 88

Amino Acid

Back 88

An organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group

Front 89

The two monosaccharides of a disaccharide are joined by

Back 89

a glycosidic linkage

Front 90

The families of nitrogenous bases

Back 90

Pyrimidines

Purines

Front 91

Accounts for 40% of the protein in a human body?

Back 91

Collagen

Front 92

What fats are most biologically important?

Back 92

Fats

Phospholipids

Steroids

Front 93

Carbohydrates include

Back 93

Sugars and Polymers of sugars

Front 94

Common causes of denaturation of proteins?

Back 94

Nonpolar Solvents

ether

chloroform

Excessive Heat

Disruptive Chemicals

hydrogen bonds

ionic bonds

disulfide bridges

Front 95

Disaccharides

Back 95

Double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by covalent bond.

Front 96

Primary structure of a protein

Back 96

Its sequence of amino acids (linear chain of amino acids)

Front 97

A fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton, usually ____ to _____ carbon atoms in length

Back 97

16

18

Front 98

Why is cholesterol a crucial molecule in animals?

Back 98

It is a component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids, such as vertebrate sex hormones, are synthesized.

Front 99

The phosphate group of a nucleotide is attached to?

Back 99

The 5' carbon of the sugar

Front 100

Monosaccharides

Back 100

Generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O (glucose)

Front 101

Nucleic acids consist of

Back 101

Nucleotides

Front 102

Saturated and trans fats exert their negative impact on health by affecting what?

Back 102

Cholesterol levels

Front 103

Pyrimidine

Purine

Back 103

One six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

Larger, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

Adenine

Guanine

Front 104

Asymmetric Carbon

Back 104

A carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

Front 105

Quaternary structure of a protein

Back 105

Overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits. (association of two or more polypeptides- some proteins only)

Ex. Collagen, hemoglobin

Front 106

Polysaccharides fill which two roles?

These roles are determined by?

Back 106

Storage material

Building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism.

Sugar monomers

The position of its glycosidic linkages

Front 107

Protein functions

Back 107

Enzymatic

Storage

Hormonal

Contractile & Motor

Defensive

Transport

Receptor

Structural

Front 108

Portion of a nucleotide without a phosphate groups?

Back 108

Nucleoside

Front 109

Polysaccharide

Back 109

Carbohydrate macromolecules

Composed of many sugar building blocks

Polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Front 110

Hormonal Proteins

(a) Function

(b) Example

Back 110

(a) Coordination of an organism's activities

(b) Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentration

Front 111

3 groups of amino acids

Back 111

Nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic

Polar side chains; hydrophilic

Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic

Front 112

Hydrolysis

Back 112

Breaking down a polymer

Front 113

Saturated fatty acid

Back 113

No double bonds between carbon atoms allowing as many hydrogen atoms as possible to bond to the carbon skeleton (saturated with hydrogen).

Front 114

Gene expression

Back 114

DNA provides directions for its own replication (unique among molecules)

DNA directs RNA synthesis

DNA, through RNA, controls protein synthesis

Front 115

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by

Back 115

Gene

Front 116

Common structure of an amino acid

Back 116

R group differs with each amino acid

Front 117

Monosaccharides are sorted by what attributes

Back 117

Location of carbonyl group

aldose

ketose

Size of the carbon skeleton

triose

pentose

hexose

The spatial arrangement of their parts around asymmetric carbons

Front 118

Major nutrients for cells

Back 118

Monosaccharides

Front 119

What is 1-4 linkage?

Back 119

The number 1 carbon is linked to the number 4 carbon

Front 120

Two types of secondary structure of a protein

Back 120

Alpha Helix

A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between

every fourth amino acid

Beta Pleated

two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by

side (Beta strands) are connected by hydrogen bonds between

parts of the 2 parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone

Front 121

Is a fatty acid formed by a dehydration reaction?

Back 121

No

Front 122

Is glucose a polymer?

Back 122

No

Front 123

Chemical reaction cells use to make polymers from monomers?

Back 123

Dehydration reaction

Front 124

3 molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) has what chemical makeup?

Back 124

C18H32O16 {[(C6 x 3 H12 X3 O6 x3) - (H2 X 3) - (O x 3)] glucose x3 minus 3 water}

Front 125

A molecule with a chemical formula of C6H12 is

Back 125

A carbohydrate and a monosaccharide

Front 126

Insoluble fiber is

Back 126

Cellulose

Front 127

Lactose (two milk sugars) is classified as

Back 127

A disaccharide

Front 128

Lard and butter are examples of

Back 128

saturated fatty acids

Front 129

What separates one amino acid from another?

Back 129

Different R group (side group) attached to an alpha carbon

Front 130

What stabilizes alpha and beta structures of proteins?

Back 130

Hydrogen bonds

Front 131

Which of the following is not a polymer

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Fatty Acids

Back 131

Fatty Acids