Chapter 5: Developing The Research Plan

Front 1

What is the next step after the investigator has narrowed the question into a researchable problem?

Back 1

Develop a plan of attack (research plan)

Front 2

What is the purpose for developing a research plan?

Back 2

Prescribes an orderly, systematic procedure for collecting the desired information.

Front 3

What does the approach to a plan of attack/research plan depend on?

Back 3

1. The nature of the research problem.

2. the setting in which the research will be conducted

3. disciplinary perspective of the researcher

4. background of the researcher

Front 4

Identify the types of research approaches that Best and Kahn propose

Back 4

1. Historical

2. Descriptive

3. Qualitative

4. Experimental

Front 5

Define historical research approach

Back 5

describes what was in order to discover generalizations that help to understand the past and the present.

Front 6

Define descriptive research approach

Back 6

uses quantitative methods to describe what is in order to gain an understanding of conditions that currently exist and the relationship between existing variables that are not manipulated.

Front 7

Define qualitative research approach

Back 7

uses a variety of methods to explore existing phenomenon in a natural environment that generally yield nonquantitative information in order to describe what is.

Front 8

Describe experimental research approach

Back 8

describes what will be when certain variables of interest are controlled or manipulated in order to seed causal relationships between variables.

Front 9

Research whos purpose is to investigate the cause and effect between two variables would use what type of research approach?

Back 9

experimental approach

Front 10

Research whos purpose is to ascertain the attitudes of a population towards somethings uses what type of research approach?

Back 10

descriptive approach

Front 11

A descriptive approach does not entail what?

Back 11

manipulation of variables.

Front 12

Hypotheses

Back 12

a tentative explanation of a prediction of the eventual outcome of a research problem.

Front 13

what are the general characteristics a research hypothesis?

Back 13

1. based on theory or previous research findings.

2. state a relationship between at least two variables.

3. simple and clear with not vague terms clouding the relationships.

4. they are testable

5. they have the capability of being refuted.

6. they are related to available techniques of design, procedure and statistical analysis.

Front 14

Research hypothesis can be stated in a non-directional or directional manner. Describe each.

Back 14

Nondirectional - hypothesis that is positive when the researcher has no reason to believe that a difference or relationship exists in any direction.

Directional - hypothesis that is posited when the researcher has reason to believe that a particular relationship or difference exists.

Front 15

True or False: All research hypothesis are stated in the present tense and before collection data on the variables.

Back 15

True

Front 16

Null hypothesis

Back 16

AKA statistical hypothesis. Used for statistical testing purposes that proposes that there is no difference between comparison groups or no relationship between variables. States that the independent variable has "no effect" on the dependent variable.

Front 17

Why is the research hypothesis transformed into a null hypothesis?

Back 17

statistical procedures can test only hypothesis stated in the form of null hypothesis. Hypothesis testing determining the likelihood (probability) that the outcome observed is due to to chance occurrence.

Front 18

If the data support the null hypothesis it is...

Back 18

accepted (fail to reject the null hypothesis)

Front 19

if data refute the null hypothesis it is...

Back 19

rejected

Front 20

hypothesis serves to do what?

Back 20

serve to guide the researcher in the selection of the approach and methods to be used to attack the problem.

Front 21

true or false: all experimental studies and those descriptive investigations in which comparisons are made will have hypotheses.

Back 21

true

Front 22

What happens of the research hypothesis is not supported?

Back 22

- researcher should review the assumptions that served as the basis for the hypothesis

- there really may be no relationship

Front 23

what are the three different methods for obtaining information?

Back 23

1. observation

2. measurement

3. questioning

Front 24

observation techniques

Back 24

methods for collecting information in which the participants are observed by the researcher, either directly or indirectly, and relevant data recorded.

Front 25

Measurement techniques

Back 25

methods for collecting information in which participants are directly tested or measured on the characteristics of interest. May include physical measures, cognitive measures, and affective measures.

Front 26

Questioning techniques

Back 26

methods for collecting information in which the participants are asked to respond to questions posed by the researcher; may include self-report questionnaires, personal or group interviews, or telephone interviews.

Front 27

What types of observation techniques are there?

Back 27

1. Direct observation

2. Participant observation

Front 28

Define direct observation.

Back 28

research participants are cognizant of being observed and usually know why they are being observed. Researcher may observe and record ongoing behavior as it naturally occurs. (Naturalistic observation).

Front 29

define contrived observation

Back 29

type of direct observation where behaviour is observed in settings or situations that have been specifically created for purposes of research.

Front 30

Define reactivity

Back 30

phonomenon in direct research where participant does not act naturally when being observed.

Front 31

define participant observation

Back 31

observational technique in which the researcher or observer participates in the setting and in the same activities as the people being observed.

Front 32

what type of observation technique used in qualitative research?

Back 32

participant observation

Front 33

What are the various types of measurement techniques?

Back 33

1. Physical Measures

2. Cognitive Measures

3. Affective Measures

Front 34

Physical measures examples.

Back 34

1. distance jumped

2. muscular strength

3. force

4. cardiorespiratory endurance

Front 35

the choice of which physical measure to use come down to what?

Back 35

1. cost

2. accessibility

3. practicality

Front 36

relevant characterisitics of cognitive measures.

Back 36

1. item difficulty

2. ability to discriminate

3. effeciency of responses

Front 37

True or False: When it comes to measurement tools, researchers will typically select an instrument that has been previously published and validated.

Back 37

True

Front 38

what terms are used to describe affective measures?

Back 38

1. inventory

2. scales

3. questionnaire

Front 39

define scaling techniques

Back 39

methods for measuring the degree to which a research participant values or exhibits a concept or characteristics of interest. uses a graded response format that assigns values to the strength or intensity of one's responses.

Front 40

what kind of data to scales normally yield?

Back 40

ordinal or interval

Front 41

what are some common types of affective measures used in kinesiology?

Back 41

1. Likert Scale

2. Semantic Differential Scale

3. Rating Scale

4. Structured-Alternative Scale

Front 42

Likert Scale

Back 42

scaling technique by which respondents are presented with a series of statements and asked to indicate the degree to which they agree and disagree.

Front 43

Semantic differential scale

Back 43

type of scaling technique in which respondents are asked to make judgements about a concept of interest using a continuum of consisting of bipolar adjectives.

Front 44

rating scale

Back 44

typical rating scale asks respondents to choose one response category from several options provided on a predetermined scale. Scales can be numerical, verbal or graphic in appearance.

Front 45

Structured-Alternative Scale

Back 45

this technique involves a unique question and response format designed to reduce the tendency to provide a socially desirable response.

Front 46

List the types of questioning techniques.

Back 46

1. Structured Questionnaire

2. Unstructured Questionnaire

3. Structured Interview

4. Unstructured Interview

5. Focus Group Interview

6. Dephi Technique

Front 47

Structured Questionnaire

Back 47

includes questions along with prescribed response alternatives from which the respondents must choose, such as yes-no or multiple-choice items; also called closed-ended questionnaire.

Front 48

unstructured questionnaire

Back 48

includes questions for which the response alternatives are not listed and respondents will answer freely in their own words; also called open-ended questionnaire.

Front 49

what are the advantages of a structured interview?

Back 49

1. less bias

2. researcher may not need to know a lot about the subject

Front 50

unstructured interview

Back 50

open-ended question format

Front 51

focus group interview

Back 51

interviewing technique where a group of participants are interviewed together.

Front 52

delphi technique

Back 52

method of data collection using questioning techniques to obtain a consensus from a defined group of individuals on a specific issue.

ultimately a group consensus is obtained.

Front 53

Things to consider when selecting the appropriate for collecting data.

Back 53

1. suitability of the specific technique and instrument

2. demands of the research participants

3. the cost in terms of energy, money and time

4. personal ability to handle the selected methods and techniques, including data analysis procedures

Front 54

define data collecting instruments

Back 54

the tools or procedures used by the researcher to collect relevant data pertaining to the research problem.

any paper-and-pencil test and measure, mechanical or electronic equipment measure, or physical performance test used to collect information (data) on the variable under study.

Front 55

what does the choice of instrumentation used in the data collection process involve?

Back 55

1. whether it will be one that has already been developed and will be used as is

2. one that already exists but will be revised

3. one that is new and needs to be developed

Front 56

What are the three characteristics that a researcher must keep in mind when collecting data?

Back 56

1. Objectivity

2. Reliability

3. Validity

*data must possess these attributes in order the be worth using in the research study.

Front 57

define objectivity

Back 57

the degree to which multiple scorers agree on the values of collected measures or scores; also called rater reliability.

Front 58

define reliability

Back 58

degree to which a measure is consistent.

Front 59

define validity

Back 59

the degree to which interpretations of test scores or measures derived from a measuring instrument lead to correct conclusions.

Front 60

what is the selection of a research instrument normally a result of?

Back 60

thorough search of literature.

Front 61

frequently instruments will be selected on the basis of what?

Back 61

its reliability and validity as reported by the by the researcher who have used it in earlier studies. If measures of reliability and validity are not provided, various statistical techniques can be applied to determine the reliability and validity.

Front 62

what must be obtained before revising a published paper-and-pencil instrument originally developed by someone else?

Back 62

obtaining permission. Sometimes permission is needed to revise a physical performance instrument. As a matter of professional courtesy permission should be asked.

Front 63

why are changes made to an original instrument?

Back 63

to make a better fit for a particular group of research participants.

Front 64

why is developing instruments and procedures normally avoided?

Back 64

difficult and time consuming.

Front 65

what is the starting point for instrument development?

Back 65

the literature.

Front 66

what should happen after the tentative instrument has been developed?

Back 66

it should be submitted to a jury of experts or committee of authorities.

Front 67

submitting the proposed instrument to a jury of experts is an excellent way to what?

Back 67

the content validity

Front 68

what is the next step in instrument development after submission to a jury of experts?

Back 68

pilot study or preliminary investigation

Front 69

what is the objective of the pilot study?

Back 69

1. to determine whether or not research participants are likely to understand the content items in the instrument

2. to determine whether the instrument will provide the needed data

3. familiarize the researcher and any assistants with instrument administration procedures

4. obtain a set of data for trying out the proposed data treatment techniques

5. to first determine the reliability and then the validity of the instrument

Front 70

list the steps in developing an instrument

Back 70

1. survey the literature

2. develop a tentative instrument

3. reflect upon and revise the instrument

4. obtain opinions of experts concerning the instrument

5. revise the instrument as needed

6. conduct a pilot study

7. revise the instrument as needed

8. use the instrument