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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reinforcement |
-a stimulus following a behaviour that strengthens that behaviour, increases the probability that the behaviour will occur again the future - behaviour is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence - DOES NOT MEAN "GOOD" |
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Earliest example of Reinforcement |
Thorndike 1911 - hungry cats inside the cage and puts food outside the cage where the cat can see it - the cat accidentally hit the lever to open the door, the more times thorndike put the cat into the cage the less time it took for the cat to hit the lever this is the LAW OF EFFECT |
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Principle of Reinforcement |
- when a behaviour results in a favourable outcome (one that contributes to the well being or survival of the animal) that behaviour is more likely to be repeated in the future in similar circumstances |
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Reinforcement is defined as.. 1 2 3 |
1. the occurrence of a particular behaviour 2. is followed by an immediate response 3. that results in the strengthening of the behaviour- the person is more likely to engage in the behaviour again in the future |
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Operant Behaviour |
- behaviour that acts on the environment to produce an immediate consequence and in turn is strengthened by that consequence or occurs again in the future as a result of its immediate consequence |
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Reinforcer |
- the consequence that strengthens an operant behaviour Eg. child's crying is the operant behaviour. Reinforcer is the parents attention. the crying at night resulted in this immediate consequence of her parents soothing her, the crying was strengthened |
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Positive Reinforcement |
the occurrence of a behaviour is followed by the ADDITION of a stimulus (reinforcer) which results in the strengthening of the behaviour add stimulus, increase behaviour- pos reinf |
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Negative Reinforcement |
- the occurrence of a behaviour followed by the removal of a stimulus which results in the strengthening of the behaviour (NOT the perceived notion of likeness or unpleasant qualities of the event/ stimulus) |
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Stimulus |
an object or event that can be detected by one of the senses and thus has potential to influence the person. - in POS reinf: the stimulus is the positive reinforcer, is presented after the behaviour - In NEg reinf- aversive stimulus: that is removed or avoided after the behaviour |
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Premack principle |
- positive reinforcement that involves the opportunity to engage in a high probability behaviour (playing outside) as a consequence for low probability behaviour (doing homework) to increase low prob behaviour, parents make son complete homework before he can go outside to play |
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unconditioned Reinforcers |
natural reinforcers that function as reinforcers the first time they are presented to most human beings - no prior experience with these stimuli is needed for them to function as reinforcers |
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positive reinforcers |
- access to food, water, sexual stimulation or escape fro painful stimulation or extreme levels of stimulation (cold, heat) - they have survival value- biological characteristics that contribute to our survival naturally reinforcing: survival value |
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Conditioned reinforcers |
- stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditional reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer
EG. parents attention is conditioned reinforcer because attention is paired with delivery of food, warmth, and other reinforcers |
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Secondary reinforcers |
- after being paired with primary reinforcers - we learn to adapt and become conditioned through experiences EG. MONEY, tokens, Praise -if you could no longer use money to buy anything it would no longer be a conditioned reinforcer |
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Conditioned reinforcers... |
only continue to be reinforcers if they are at least occasionally paired with other reinforcers |
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Factors that Influence Reinforcement 1. Immediacy |
time between the occurrence of the behaviour and the reinforcing consequence must be IMMEDIATE.
- for the consequence to be effective is should occur immediately after the response - the longer the delay the less effective the consequence will be - if the time between the response and the consequence is too long and there is no contiguity the consequence will not have effect on the behaviour. |
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2. Contingency |
-if the response is consistently followed by an immediate consequence, that consequence is morel likely to reinforce the response - when the response produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first- there is a contingency Eg. receiving money is contingent on the grade you get. - person much morel likely to repeat a behaviour when it results in a consistent reinforcing consequence |
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3. Individual Differences |
- what is a reinforcer for one person may not be a reinforcer for another -don't assume that a particular stimulus will be a reinforcer for a person just because it appears to be a reinforcer for most people - EG. praise may be a reinforcer for some kids and not for others |
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4. Magnitude |
the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer is greater if the amount or magnitude of a stimulus is greater - a LARGER positive reinforcer strengthens the behaviour to a greater extent than a SMALLER amount or magnitude -Eg. a person will would longer and harder for LOTS of money than for a small amount |
