Chapter 4 Key Terms

Front 1

Robert Walpole

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A British statesman who was the first prime minister of Great Britain. Served during reigns of George I and George II.

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Privy Council

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A body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority in the context of a monarchic government

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Benjamin Franklin

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One of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity

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New France

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The area colonized by France in North America. From the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763.

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Albany Plan

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Proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754 in Albany, New York. It was an early attempt at forming a union of the colonies during the French and Indian War.

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French Indian War

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the common U.S. name for the war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. In 1756 the war erupted into the world-wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War.

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Louis XIV

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King of France and of Navarre. Longest documented reign of any European monarch. Adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital.

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Louis Joliet

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A French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America. The first Europeans to explore and map the much of the Mississippi River in 1673.

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Father Jacques Marquette

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A French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement-called Sault Ste. Marie-, and later founded St. Ignance, Michigan. 1673- Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River.

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The Iroquois Confederacy

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Also known as Iroquis League. Composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. Iroquois Confederacy was the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization.

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King Williams War

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The first of the French and Indian Wars. It was fought between England, France, and their respective American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada , Acadia, and New England.

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Fort Necessity

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A National Battlefield Site preserving elements of the Battle of Fort Necessity in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Fort Necessity was on July 3, 1754 and was an early battle of the French and Indian War.

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William Pitt

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A British Whig statesman who lead Britain during the Seven Years' War. He again led the country between 1766-68.

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Siege of Quebec

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25 June-18 September 1759. Siege that ended any French hopes of victory in the French and Indian Wars, dooming their north American colonies.

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Peace of Paris 1763

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Signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War. beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside Europe.

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Proclamation of 1763

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Issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory after the end of the French and Indian War. Purpose was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans.

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Sugar Act

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A revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764. Incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution.

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Currency Act

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Several acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America. Protected British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency. Created tension.

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Paxton Boys

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A vigilante group that murdered twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre. Response to fear and hatred of the American Indian caused largely by the French and Indian War.

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Regulatory Movement

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A North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1764 to 1771, where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials.

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Stamp Act

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A direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America. Required that stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp. Purpose was to help pay for troops stationed in North America after the British victory in the Seven Years' War.

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Virginia Resolves

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A series of resolutions in response to the Stamp Act of 1765. To help pay off some of its debt from its various wars, including the French and Indian War.

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Sons Of Liberty

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A political group made up of American Patriots. designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the end of the French and Indian War. Attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power.

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The Tories

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Tories emerged to uphold the legitimist rights of James, Duke of York to succeed his brother Charles II to the throne.

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Mutiny Act

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An act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army. Originally passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army.

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Quartering Act

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Used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British soldiers had adequate housing and provisions, and also to keep the colonist supervised.

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Townshend Act

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A series of acts passed beginning in 1767. Used to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial control, trade regulations and punish.

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Navigation Acts

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Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England, and its colonies. 1651. Goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop colonial trade with the Netherlands and France.

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Boston Massacre

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Led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770. Helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies.

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Samuel Adams

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One of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A leader of the American Revolution.

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Loyalists

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American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain during the war. Often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men

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Patriots

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Colonists of the British Thirteen United Colonies, who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution. In July 1776, declared the USA an independent nation.

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Tea Act

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Act used to expand the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade to all British Colonies, selling excess tea at a reduced price

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Daughters of Liberty

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Successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who participated in boycotts of British goods.

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Boston Tea Party

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A direct action by colonists in Boston against the Brittish gov. A group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor.

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Coercive Acts

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A series of five laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America. Triggered outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies. Were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution.

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First Continental Congress

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A convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that met on September 5, 1774 early in the American Revolution. The Congress petitioned King George for redress of those grievances.

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John Adams

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An American politician and political philosopher and the second President of the United States. He was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Battle of Lexington and Concord

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The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. April 19, 1775. marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between Brittain and colonies.

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Thomas Gage

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A British general, best known for his role in the early days of the American War of Independence. Played a role in sparking of the American War of Independence in April 1775.

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Paul Revere

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An American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution. Celebrated for his role as a messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord. Helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.

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Letters From a Farmer

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A series of essays written by Jhon Dickinson. 1767 to 1768. Important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts.

Front 43

Massachusetts Circular Letter

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A statement written by Samuel Adams in response to the Townshend Acts. Reactions to the letter brought tensions between the British Parliament and Massachusetts. Resulted in the military occupation of Boston by the British Army.