Chapter 4 Key Terms

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Paxton Boys

Back 1

Who: A band of people from western Pennsylvania
Where: Philadelphia
When: 1763
Historical Significance: Showed the American dislike towards the harsh taxes imposed on them

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Robert Walpole

Back 2

Who: First of the modern British prime minister
When: early 18th century
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: deliberately refrained from strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts, believing that relaxed trading restrictions would simulate commerce

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The Iroquois Confederacy

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What: the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization
Where: Colonies
When: French and Indian War
Historical Significance: During the French and Indian War (North American part of the Seven Years' War), the Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies

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Privy Council

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What: a body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government.
When: mid 18th century
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: legislation of laws, taxes and appropriations

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Benjamin Franklin

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Who: An colonial agent who sent to London to lobby American intereset
When: 1690s
Where: Pennsylvania
Historical Significance: Advocated for American Independence, proposed Albany Plan

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New France

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What: area colonized by France in North America
When: 16th century - early 19th century
Where: St. Lawrence River
Historical Significance: Anglo-French conflicts, French-Indian War, Was ceded to Britain and Spain leading to the creation of 5 colonies

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Sons of Liberty

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Who: a political group made up of American Patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies.
When: 18th century
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: Boston Tea Party, Gaspee Incident, protested the acts that the british government enforced on the colonies

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Louis XIV

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When: 1638–1715, king of France (1643–1715),
Who: son and successor of King Louis XIII.
Historical Significance: Had the longest reign in European history.
Where: Europe

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Missionary Zeal

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A missionary is a Christian who has been sent to a foreign country to teach people about Christianity. Many Christians had began to spread more Christianity.

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Louis Joliet

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Who: A French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America.
When: Born in 1645 in a French settlement near Quebec City.
Historical Significance: Jolliet and Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary, were the first Europeans to explore and map the much of the Mississippi River in 1673.
Where: Quebec City, Mississippi

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The Massachusetts Circular

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What: Statement written by Samuel Adams and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts.
When: 1768
Where: Massachusetts
Historical Significance: . Reactions to the letter brought tensions between the British Parliament and Massachusetts to a boiling point, and resulted in the military occupation of Boston by the British Army, which contributed to the coming of the American Revolution.

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Father Jacques Marquette

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Who: A French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault St. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan.
When: 17th century
Where: Michigan, Mississippi
Historical Significance: In 1673 Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River.

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Rene Robert Cavalier

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Who: A French explorer who explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico.
When: (1643-1687)
Where: Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico.
Historical Significance: He claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France.

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King Williams War

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What: First of the French-Indian Wars. It was fought between England, France, and their respective American Indian allies.
When: Late 17th century
Where: In the colonies of Canada (New France), Acadia, and New England.
Historical Significance: After the Treaty of Ryswick, the war ended. Everything went back to normal but it was only temporary since it was just really a truce. Queen Anne's War started a few years later.

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Fort Necessity

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What: one of the first battles of the French and Indian War and George Washington's only military surrender.
When: July 3, 1754
Where: Fort Necessity, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Historical Significance: British loss in the French-Indian War

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William Pitt

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Who: a former prime minister
When: Prior to American revolution
Where: London
Historical Significance: Urged the withdrawal of troops

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Siege of Quebec

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What: Part of the French-Indian War between British and French troops
When: 1759
Where: Quebec
Historical Significance: Siege that ended any French hopes of victory in the French and Indian Wars, dooming their north American colonies.

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Peace of Paris 1763

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What: ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.
When: February 10 1763
Where: Paris
Historical Significance: exchange/cession of territories. The British gained control over the area west of the 13 British Colonies to the Mississippi River. The French agreed to no longer support any colonies in North America, including all of Canada. Since Spain had joined the war on the side of the French, the Spanish were also forced to give up their claim to Florida. The area of North America to the north and east of the Mississippi River was now under British rule. But the Spanish still held their territory west of the Mississippi River and in Central and South America.

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Proclamation of 1763

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What: organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.
When: 1763
Where: New British territory after the French-Indian War
Historical Significance: The significance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 helps to identify the legal nature of territorial and political rights of First Nations in Canada. An attempt to prevent colonial tensions with Native Americans

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Paltry Wages

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worthless or petty wages

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Sugar Act

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What: The Sugar Act reduced the rate of tax on molasses from six pence to three pence per gallon, while Grenville took measures that the duty be strictly enforced. The situation disrupted the colonial economy by reducing the markets to which the colonies could sell, and the amount of currency available to them for the purchase of British manufactured goods.
When: April 5, 1764
Where: throughout the colonies
Historical Significance: These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution.

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Currency Act

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What: The name of several acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America. The acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency.
When: 18th century
Where: throughout the colonies
Historical Significance: Created tension between the colonies and the mother country, and were a contributing factor in the coming of the American Revolution.

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Regulatory Movement

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What: an uprising where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. they refused to pay taxes and by meddling with the courts
When: 1764-1771
Where: North Carolina
Historical Significance: unsuccessful but considered as a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War

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John Dickinson's Letters to a Farmer

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What: a series of essays. While acknowledging the power of Parliament in matters concerning the whole British Empire, Dickinson argued that the colonies were sovereign in their internal affairs. He thus argued that taxes laid upon the colonies by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue, rather than regulating trade, were unconstitutional.
When: 1767-1768
Where: Pennsylvania
Historical Significance: important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts. Dickinson foresees the possibility of future conflict between the colonies and Great Britain, but urges against the use of violence

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Stamp Act

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What: The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains.
When: March 22, 1765
Where: throughout the colonies
Historical Significance: Was viewed as a direct attempt by England to raise money in the colonies without the approval of the colonial legislatures. The colonists were angered because some of the money didn't go to where its supposed to go

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The Tory's

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What: Term to describe those who remained loyal to the British Crown and government, or Loyalists.
When: Since early in the eighteenth century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the Kings over parliament.
Where: Colonial Britain
Historical Significance: During the revolution, particularly after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown and government.

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Paul Revere

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Who: Warned the colonists about the British attack coming
Where: Lexington-Concord
When: Prior to American Revolution
Historical Significance: Saved the gunpowder of the colonists and their defense to support the movement and prepared colonists for the upcoming battle

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Mutiny Act

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What: Was a routine parliamentary measure that included a provision for quartering of troops in the American colonies. It required provincial legislatures to provide barracks, fuel, and other necessities for soldiers stationed in their colonies.
When: 1765
Where: throughout the colonies
Historical Significance: Most colonies attempted to evade the act. Angered the colonists.

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Quartering Act

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What: Housing a place for British soldiers to sleep. Forced colonists to let soldiers stay in their homes free of charge.
When: During the French-Indan War - Prior to the American Revolution
Where: Throughout the colonies
Historical Significance: Way for Britain to make revenue and sparks the American ideology of revolution

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Albany Plan

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What: Franklin's plan of union
Where: Albany, New York
When: French and Indian War
Historical Significance: It was an early attempt at forming a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes

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Townshend Act

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What: Were a series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.
When: 18th century
Where: throughout the colonies
Historical Significance: The Townshend Acts met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770.

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Navigation Act

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What: A series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies.
When: Started mid-17th century
Historical Significance: One of several sources of resentment in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolutionary War.

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Virginia Resolves

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What: a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act of 1765.
When: 18th century
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: The resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law, Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives. Since no colonial representatives were elected to the Parliament the only assembly legally allowed to raise taxes would be the Virginia General Assembly.

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Boston Massacre

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What: was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops. A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that boiled over into incitement of brawls between soldiers and civilians and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd.
When: on March 5, 1770,
Where: Boston
Historical Significance: the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolutionary War.

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Grenville Ministry

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What: a British Government headed by George Grenville
When: April 16 1763 – July 13 1765
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: the Ministry confronted growing discontent in Britain's American colonies which were to lead to the American War of Independence breaking out in 1775. The Ministry also had to deal with the antics of John Wilkes.

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Samuel Adams

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Who: Effective radical of the colonies
Where: Massachusetts
When: Boston Massacre
Historical Significance: urged the creation of comitee in Boston to publicize the grievances against Englan throughout the colonies

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Loyalists

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Who: American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
When: 18th century
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: Many of these people were targeted by the revolutionaries. Some were harassed, others were tarred and feathered. They did not participate in the bans of various goods such as tea. Loyalists and Patriots created a clear division of people in colonial Britain

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Patriots

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Who: the name the colonists of the British Thirteen United Colonies, who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution, called themselves.
When: 18th century
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: The Patriots and Loyalists highlighted a clear separation of the people of America during the American Revolution.

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Gaspee Incident

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What: Gaspee was a British revenue ship and a group of colonists burned it down as a sign of protest.
When: June 9, 1772
Where: Narragansett Bay
Historical Significance: The colonies saw this as another step to put them under British control, and to eliminate their freedoms.

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Tea Act

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What: The taxation of the American colonists without their consent. Designed to prop up the East India Company which was floundering financially. This tea was to be shipped directly to the colonies, and sold at a bargain price.
When: May 10, 1773
Where: Throughout the colonies, mainly Boston
Historical Significance: Another attempt to tax the colonies without their consent. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

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Daughters of Liberty

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Who: a successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts. Using their feminine skills of the time, they made homespun cloth and other goods.
When: 18th century
Where: colonial Britain
Historical Significance: they openly opposed the Tea Act. They experimented to find substitutes for taxed goods such as tea and sugar. Discoveries like boiled basil leaves to make a tea like drink helped lift spirits as well as allowed for kept traditions without the use of British taxed tea. continued to support American resistance. They helped end the Stamp Act in 1766. In 1774, the patriot women helped influence a decision made by the Continental Congress to boycott all British goods.

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French-Indian War

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What: A war between Britain and France involving some Indians in their ranks.
Where: Throughout the colonies
When: 1754-1763
Historical Significance: The removal of French settlements in the colonies and later the unfairness of taxes on the colonies to pay debt for the war

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Boston Tea Party

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What: Parliament’s efforts to improve the profits of the British East India Company. A group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor.
When: December 16, 1773
Where: Boston
Historical Significance: a key event in the growth of the American Revolution when the Parliament responded with the Coercive Acts

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Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

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What: Names used to describe a series of five laws passed by the British Parliament relating to Britain's colonies in North America.
When: 1774
Where: Throughout the colonies
Historical Significance: First Continental Congress. The acts triggered outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies that later became the United States, and were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution.

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First Continental Congress

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What: A convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies.
When: September 5, 1774
Where: Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Historical Significance: Called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament.

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John Adams

Back 46

Who: American politician and political philosopher
Where: Massachusetts
When: 1797
Historical Significance: One of the founding founders of the United States and help jump start the Revolution

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Battle of Lexington and Concord

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What: the first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War. British troops tried capturing Samuel Adams and John Hancock but failed to do so.
When: April 18, 1775
Where: within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston.
Historical Significance: A victory for the colonists and the start of the American Revolution

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General Thomas Gage

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Who: The British general appointed to plunder the gunpowder supply in concord
Where: Concord and Lexington
When: 1770
Historical Significance: Saw newly developed colonists