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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4.1.1 background |
Anxiety disorder -main symptoms are increased heart rate and muscle tension and abnormal fight or flight process -the problem with anxiety disorders is when they occur without an obvious stimulus/provoker. -examples are Acute Stress, GAD and OCD |
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4.1.1 Evidence |
Phobias DSM- persistent irrational fears, occur in a phobic situation or when a phobic stimulus occurs, it therefore affects everyday life as phobic situations are avoided where possible and needs to have lasted for more than 6 months ICD- occurs from psychological and physiological symptoms, avoided when possible |
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4.1.2 background |
Psychotic disorder Main symptoms- psychosis, delusions and hallucinations Delusions- false beliefs faltering a person to function Hallucinations- false perceptions that can be vowl, ovitary, offactory and tactile (see, hear, smell, feel) -examples are psychotic disorder, neurosis, schizophreniffective and schziophreniform disorders |
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4.1.2 Evidence |
Schizophrenia DSM- delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, social occupation disorders, 6 months or more ICD- thought echo, delusion of control, delusions in coherent speech, |
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4.1.3 background |
Affective disorder One of those disorders that affects mood and feelings. Also known as mood disorders. -examples include major panic disorders, bipolar |
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4.1.3 Evidence |
Depression -affective disorders affect 11 million people, depression affects 1 in 20 people. -It is normal for people to change in moods however people with depression experience this more severely and along with other symptoms. DSM- insomnia most nights, fidgeting and lethargy, tiredness, reduced ability to concentrate ICD- depressed mood, reduced enjoyment and involvement, tiredness after little effort, |
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4.2.1 background |
Biological explanation of anxiety -neurotransmitters -genetics -long substance abuse |
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4.2.1 Evidence |
Torgersen -32 mz and 53 dz same sex twins from Norway all been diagnosed with some form of borderline psychotic disorder before 1977 -hospital records and interviews done to gather entire life story and give diagnosis -no twins were concordant in the same disorder -when group had panic, social, agoraphobia and OCD, mz twins were 45% concordant and dz twins were 15% concordant
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4.2.2 background |
Behavioural explanation of anxiety -all behaviour learned the same. Anxiety mostly through the learning of phobias -operant conditioning (reinforcement), classical conditioning (association), social learning theory (observation and imitation, vicarious reinforcement) |
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4.2.2 Evidence |
Watson and Raynor -case study on 11 month yr old Little Albert and wanted to classically condition him to fear white rat -pre tested and no fear -during conditioning when Albert would try to touch the white rat a steel bar would be hit making Albert cry. This was continued -by the end of conditioning Albert would cry at the sight of the rat before the steel bar
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4.2.3 background |
Cognitive explanation of anxiety -restructuring irrational thoughts -12-20 weeks, use of diary and re reading it -understanding depressed thinking that creates depressed mood. Problem solving and refelctive thinking -abc ellis and beck |
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4.2.3 Evidence |
Amir, Foa and Coles -32 social phobia, 13 ocd and 15 non patients presented with ambiguous social and non social tasks along with 3 interpretations -interpretations would show negative or positive beliefs and the p would have to choose the interpretation they would choose first in the situation -social phobia patients chose the most negative interpretation for ambiguous social events with relatable situations -no different in non social
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4.3.1 background |
Biological treatment of anxiety -directly alters bodily processes -medication most common, tranquillisers, sedatives and antidepressants -six major drugs -Electro Conclusive treatment (electric charge to brain, dep) -psychosurgery (severing nerve centres) -repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (stim brain activity with ext app of energy) |
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4.3.1 Evidence |
Pine et al -128 m and f children aged 6-17yrs with social phobia, SAD and GAD who have received treatment for 3 weeks with no improvement randomly assigned to receive fluvoxamine or placebo for 8 weeks and record improvement -fluvox decrease in symptoms of 9.7, placebo only 3.1 -fluvox had a 76% response rate, placebo only 29%
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4.3.2 background |
Behavioural treatment of anxiety |
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4.3.2 Evidence |
McGrath -case study 9yr old Lucy with phobia of sudden loud noises -tested and found nothing wrong but slightly lower than average IQ -systematic desensitisation used, taught to relax by imagining being on her bed with toys. Also had hypothetical fear thermometer
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4.3.3 background |
Cognitive treatment of anxiety -restructuring irrational thought processes -cognitive behavioural therapy- tool to curtail depressive thinking that creates depressed moods. Problem solving and reflective thinking. 12-20 weeks and diary |
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4.3.3 Evidence |
Clark et al -62 social phobia patients randomly assigned to receive Cognitive treatment, EXP+AR or put on wait list -CT produced improvement in no of symptoms by 84%, Exp+ar only 42% and wait 0% -1 yr follow up differences in outcomes persisted those who received exp+ar went to get other treatment as CT was best
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4.1 Evaluation |
Characteristics of disorders |
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4.2 Evaluation |
Explanation of anxiety |
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4.3 Evaluation |
Treatment of anxiety |
