Chapter 37

Front 1

Plants derive most of their _______ from the _______ of air but they also depend on soil nutrients.

Back 1

organic mass, CO2

Front 2

A chemical element is considered _______ if it is required for a plant to complete a life cycle.

Back 2

essential

Front 3

_______ can be used to determine which chemical elements are essential.

Back 3

Hydroponic culture

Front 4

_______ are essential elements that the plant requires relatively large amounts of.

Back 4

Macronutrients

Front 5

C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S are considered _______.

Back 5

Macronutrients

Front 6

_______ are essential elements that the plant requires relatively small amounts of.

Back 6

Micronutrients

Front 7

Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Ni, and Mo are considered _______.

Back 7

Micronutrients

Front 8

Deficiency of a mobile nutrient usually affects _______ more than _______.

Back 8

Older organs, younger organs

Front 9

Deficiency of a less mobile nutrient usually affects _______ more than _______.

Back 9

Younger organs, older organs

Front 10

The most common deficiencies are those of _______, _______, and _______.

Back 10

nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

Front 11

_______ is the soil's general structure.

Back 11

Texture

Front 12

_______ refers to the soil's organic and inorganic chemical components.

Back 12

Composition

Front 13

_______ is large amounts of organic material.

Back 13

Humus

Front 14

_______ spaces in soil retain water because of its attraction to surfaces of clay and other particles.

Back 14

Small

Front 15

The film of _______ water is usually available to plants.

Back 15

loosely bound

Front 16

_______ is when acids derived from roots contribute to a plant's uptake of minerals when H+ displaces mineral cations from clay particles.

Back 16

Cation exchange

Front 17

_______ agriculture depletes the mineral content of soil and encourages erosion.

Back 17

Conventional

Front 18

_______ agriculture is ecologically sound, economically viable, socially just, and humane.

Back 18

Sustainable

Front 19

Commercially produced fertilizers contain minerals that are either _______ or prepared by _______.

Back 19

mined, industrial process

Front 20

_______ can change the chemical makeup of soil.

Back 20

Salinization

Front 21

Salt buildup is known as _______.

Back 21

Salinization

Front 22

_______ is lost to water and wind _______.

Back 22

Topsoil, erosion

Front 23

_______ is a huge drain on water resources when used for farming in arid regions.

Back 23

Irrigation

Front 24

_______ is the practice of growing field crops in narrow strips either at right angles to the direction of the prevailing wind, or following the natural contours of the terrain to prevent wind and water erosion of the soil.

Back 24

Strip cropping

Front 25

_______ slows water run off and erosion.

Back 25

Contour tillage

Front 26

_______ are flat areas that then drop off like staircases.

Back 26

Terraces

Front 27

_______ is a biological, nondestructive technology that seeks to reclaim contaminated areas by using the ability of some plants to remove soil pollutants.

Back 27

Phytoremediation

Front 28

_______ is often the mineral that has the greatest effect on plant growth.

Back 28

Nitrogen

Front 29

_______ convert atmospheric N2 to nitrogenous minerals.

Back 29

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 30

_______ relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide some plant species with a built-in source of fixed nitrogen.

Back 30

Symbiotic

Front 31

The most important and efficient symbioses between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria occur in the _______ family.

Back 31

Legume

Front 32

Along a legumes roots are swellings called _______.

Back 32

Nodules

Front 33

_______ are nitrogen-fixing bacteria that have a symbiotic relationship with legumes.

Back 33

Rhizobium

Front 34

The agriculture benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation are the basis for _______.

Back 34

crop rotation

Front 35

_______ are modified roots consisting of mutualistic associations of fungi and roots.

Back 35

Mycorrhizae

Front 36

The mycorrhizae increase the _______ of water uptake and mineral absorption.

Back 36

surface area

Front 37

In _______ the mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the surface of the root.

Back 37

Ectomycorrhizae

Front 38

In _______ the microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root.

Back 38

Endomycorrhizae

Front 39

_______ use plants as structural components.

Back 39

Epiphytes

Front 40

_______ eat animals to receive nitrogen.

Back 40

Carnivorous plants

Front 41

The most widespread form of human malnutrition is _______.

Back 41

Protein deficiency