Biology Final Chapter 37

Front 1

all of the types of life within one region - all of the animals and all of the plants

Back 1

community

Front 2

brings in the concept of abiotic factors

Back 2

ecosystem

Front 3

A _____ includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area.

Back 3

community

Front 4

A community can be _____ or _____ depending on what you want to look at.

Back 4

small, large

Front 5

All organisms are _____ in some way or another

Back 5

symbiotic

Front 6

_____ occurs when a shared resource is limited. Example?

Back 6

Competition, Bears and squirrels both need acorns, nest trees for birds

Front 7

What type of interspecific interaction benefits both partners?

Back 7

Mutualism

Front 8

An example of Mutualism

Back 8

Reef-building corals
- Photsynthetic dinoflagellates and coral polyps; provides at least half of the sugars (energy) for corals; In this case the animal is the coral and the dinoflagellate is the producer.

Front 9

_____ leads to diverse adaptations in prey species.

Back 9

Predation

Front 10

The effect for the predator is _____ while the effect for the prey is _____.

Back 10

positive, negative

Front 11

Some of the developed defenses of prey against predators

Back 11

Camouflage, Mechanical defenses, Chemical defenses

Front 12

A type of interspecific interaction that is like predation but not usually fatal

Back 12

herbivory

Front 13

In herbivory, _____ must expend _____ to replace the loss.

Back 13

plants, energy

Front 14

Plants have many defenses against herbivory such as _____, _____, and _____.

Back 14

spines, thorns, chemical toxins

Front 15

_____ are heavily preyed on in herbivory systems.

Back 15

Plants

Front 16

_____ and _____ can affect community composition.

Back 16

Parasites, pathogens

Front 17

Parasites live _____ or _____ a host from which it obtains nourishment

Back 17

in, on

Front 18

Examples of internal parasites:

Back 18

nematodes and tapeworms

Front 19

Examples of external parasites:

Back 19

mosquitoes and ticks

Front 20

disease-causing parasites

Back 20

pathogens

Front 21

Pathogens can highly affect the _____.

Back 21

composition

Front 22

Some examples of pathogens:

Back 22

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists

Front 23

Examples of parasite and pathogen relationships:

Back 23

- American chestnut devastate by chestnut blight protist
- A fungus-like pathogen currently causing sudden oak death on the West Coast
- "White Nose Fungus" currently reduced brown bat populations in Pittsburg by 90%

Front 24

Producers, a.k.a. _____, support all other _____ levels.

Back 24

autotrophs, trophic

Front 25

an organism that can make its own food

Back 25

autotroph

Front 26

Autotrophs are _____ producers. Examples are _____ on land and _____ in water.

Back 26

photosynthetic, plants, cyanobacteria

Front 27

_____ eat autotrophs.

Back 27

Heterotrophs

Front 28

Species diversity is defined by _____ and _____.

Back 28

species richness, relative abundance

Front 29

how many species there are

Back 29

species richness

Front 30

compares the number of one species to all the others; looks at the proportion of one species compared to the entire community

Back 30

relative abundance

Front 31

Plant species diversity in a community affects the _____.

Back 31

animals

Front 32

With a _____ species, the impact on a community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates.

Back 32

keystone

Front 33

A keystone species has a place in the community that maintains _____ and _____ ratios of other species.

Back 33

diversity, abundance

Front 34

An example of a keystone species:

Back 34

sea star- keystone species in the mussel beds

Front 35

With the sea-star urchin (prey) reduced, another _____ takes over and _____ the community.

Back 35

mollusk, dominates

Front 36

anything that damages the biological communities

Back 36

disturbance

Front 37

examples of disturbances:

Back 37

storms, fire, floods, droughts, overgrazing, human activity

Front 38

Disturbances can be _____ and/or _____.

Back 38

natural, man-made

Front 39

Communities have had a long time to evolve along with _____ disturbances, such as _____, _____, _____, _____

Back 39

natural, storms, fire, flood, droughts

Front 40

_____ and _____ are new disturbances.

Back 40

Overgrazing, human activity

Front 41

The _____, _____, and _____ of disturbances vary from community to community.

Back 41

types, frequency, serverity

Front 42

Humans may be _____ or _____ the characteristics of disturbances.

Back 42

increasing, changing

Front 43

Example of humans increasing disturbance:

Back 43

Burning of grasslands to promote grass growth, instead of trees. Some people look at that as something that is not natural and is a man-made disturbance

Front 44

Types of succession:

Back 44

primary, secondary

Front 45

_____ succession is kind of rare.

Back 45

primary

Front 46

Primary succession begins in an area with no _____.

Back 46

soil

Front 47

Examples of primary succession.

Back 47

1. Volcanoes - will cover the soil, just a lava-rock surface that forms on top; has to decompose in weather and develop new soil
2. Beaches -> Coastal Areas: A barrier island that is washed all the time and soil doesn't develop on the edge. You see a line of succession as you go inland to a greater and greater accumulation of soil.

Front 48

We don't see primary succession around here, because we have _____.

Back 48

soil

Front 49

What type of succession has the characteristics of a new community growing, but the soil is still intact?

Back 49

Secondary succession

Front 50

In secondary succession, no _____ remains, only _____.

Back 50

community, soil

Front 51

Examples of secondary succession:

Back 51

Fire, plowing, stripping away parking lots pavement where there hasn't been any plant life for awhile.

Front 52

In ecosystem ecology, the energy starts with the _____, which is trapped by _____ and _____ and leaves as _____. The _____ in an ecosystem are cycled. They're never really lost, but stored in some other nutrient pool.

Back 52

sun, photosynthesizers, heterotrophs, heat, chemicals

Front 53

relationships with individuals of other species in the community that greatly affect population structure and dynamics

Back 53

interspecific interactions

Front 54

Trophic levels:

Back 54

Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers