Chapter 31 Green Algae And Land Plants

Front 1

green plants consist of..

Back 1

green algae and land plants

Front 2

photosynthetic organisms in freshwater habitats

Back 2

green algae

Front 3

key photosynthesizes in terrestrial environments

Back 3

land plants

Front 4

list 2 reasons why we study green algae along with land plants

Back 4

1. they are the closest living relative to land plants

2. the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred when land plants evolved from green algae

Front 5

first organism that could thrive with their tissues exposed completely to the air

Back 5

land plants

Front 6

what are some ecosystem services green algae and land plants provide?

Back 6

- enhance life-supporting attributes of the physical, non-living components of an ecosystem

- produce oxygen

build soil by providing food for decomposers

- hold soil and prevent erosion by wind and water

- water retention in soil

- moderate climate by providing shade and windbreakers

Front 7

land plants or green algae?

- convert solar energy into chemical energy (sunlight to sugar)

Back 7

land plant

Front 8

land plants or green algae?

- sugars produced by _____ support almost all other organisms in terrestrial habitats

(herbivores, omnivores, indirectly carnivores)

Back 8

land plant

Front 9

land plants or green algae?

key to the carbon cycle; reduce atmospheric CO2 to make sugars

Back 9

land plant

Front 10

artificial selection for plants led to dramatic changes in plant characteristics such as...

Back 10

- reduced branching

- reduced shattering

- increased size of harvested plant parts

Front 11

mexico

Back 11

maize

Front 12

america

Back 12

sunflower

Front 13

japan

Back 13

rice and soybeans

Front 14

historically, humans relied on ___ for energy

Back 14

wood

Front 15

in industrialized countries, ______ derived from _____ have replaced wood

Back 15

fossil fuels

ancient plants

Front 16

organic compounds synthesized by plants more than __________ years ago, fueled the industrial revolution

Back 16

300 million

Front 17

what percent of the prescriptions written in the US each year include at least one molecule derived from plants

Back 17

25%

Front 18

what are the 3 complementary strategies biologists use to understand how green plants originate and diversify?

Back 18

1. comparing morphological traits

2. analyzing the fossil records

3. estimating phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences from homologous genes

Front 19

unicellular, colonial, or multi-cellular

Back 19

green algae

Front 20

live in marine, freshwater, or moist terrestrial habitats

Back 20

green algae

Front 21

the vast majority of green algae are

Back 21

aquatic

Front 22

the vast majority of land plants are

Back 22

terrestrial

Front 23

true/false

Back 23

land plants likely evolved from mulitcellular green algae (coleochaetophyceae (coleochaetes) or charophyceae (stoneworts))

Front 24

list similarities between green algae and land plants

Back 24

- similar arrangements of the internal, membrane bound sacs called thylakoids

- their cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes are similar in structure and composition

- similar chloroplast structure

Front 25

specialized group of cells that conduct water and nutrients from one part of the plant body to another

Back 25

non-vascular plants

Front 26

have vascular tissue and make microscopic spores, instead of seeds, that are carried by the wind

Back 26

seedless vascular plants

Front 27

have vascular tissue, produce seeds

Back 27

seed plants

Front 28

example of a nonvascular plant

Back 28

moss

Front 29

example of a seedless vascular plant

Back 29

ferns

Front 30

example of a seed plant

Back 30

flowering plants; angiosperms

Front 31

"encased seeds"

Back 31

angiosperms

Front 32

green algae fossil records begins...

Back 32

700-725 million years ago

Front 33

land plant fossil records begins...

Back 33

475 million years ago

Front 34

a waxing coating that creates a watertight barrier that coats above ground parts of plants

Back 34

cuticle

Front 35

a waxy material that encases spores and pollen

Back 35

sporopollenin

Front 36

list the adaptations that allow plants to occupy terristrial habitats

Back 36

- water-conducting vascular tissue

- roots

- stomata

- leaves

Front 37

plant colonized land in conjunction with _____

Back 37

symbiotic fungi

Front 38

extensive depositis of coal are in sediments dated from...

Back 38

359 to 299 million years ago

Front 39

what does coal formation indicate?

Back 39

the presence of extensive forested swamps

Front 40

true/false

because gymnosperms grow readily in dry habitats, biologists infer that both wet and dry enviroments on the continents would have been covered with green plants for the first time

Back 40

true

Front 41

order the fossil record

(nonvascular plants, seed plants, seedless plants, green algae)

Back 41

1. green algae

2. nonvascular plants

3. seedless plants

4. seed plants

Front 42

organisms that appear late in the fossil record are much (more dependent or less dependent) on moist habitats than are groups that appear earlier?

Back 42

less dependent

Front 43

green plants evolved from

Back 43

green algae

Front 44

land plants evolved to colonize

Back 44

dry habitats

Front 45

the adaptations that solved the water problem arose in 3 steps:

Back 45

1. preventing water loss from cells

2. providing protection from harmful ultraviolet radiation

3. moving water from tissues with direct access to water to tissues without direct access

Front 46

in order to grow erect, a plant must:

Back 46

- transport water against gravity

- stay upright despite gravity and wind

Front 47

the presence of lignin in the walls of water-conducting cells is a characteristic of

Back 47

vascular tissue

Front 48

the evolution of vascular tissue allowed plants to

Back 48

- transport water from roots to above ground tissues

- support erect stems

Front 49

long thin tapering water-conducting cells

Back 49

tracheids

Front 50

- most specialized type of water-conducting cell

- shorter and wider than tracheids

- have gaps on both ends where both cell walls are missing

Back 50

vessel elements

Front 51

evolved once

Back 51

convergent evolution

(examples include: gnetophytes and angiosperms)

Front 52

what two obstacles did green plants have to overcome when transitioning from water to land

Back 52

1. gamete dispersal

2. lack of mobility

Front 53

what 3 innovations allowed plant reproduction in a dry environment

Back 53

1. dessication - resistant spores encased in sporopollenin

2. gametes produced in complex, multicellular structures

3. embryos retained and nourished by the parent plant

Front 54

resistant spores encased in sporopollenin

Back 54

dessication

Front 55

specialized reproductive organs that protected gametes from drying and damage

Back 55

gametangia

Front 56

sperm producing structure in land plant

Back 56

antheridium

Front 57

egg producing structure in land plants

Back 57

archegonium

Front 58

alternation of generations

a multicellular haploid phase

Back 58

gametophyte

Front 59

alternation of generations

a multicellular diploid phase

Back 59

sporophyte

Front 60

the two phases of life are connected by what two distinct types of reproductive cells?

Back 60

gametes and spores

Front 61

does the alternation of generations occur in the green algae related plants (coleochaetes and stoneworts)

Back 61

no

Front 62

list the 5 sequence of events of the alternation of generations

Back 62

1. sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis

2. spores germinate, divide by mitosis, and develop into multicellular, haploid gametophytes

3. gametophytes produce unicellular haploid gametes by mitosis

4. two gametes unite during fertilization to form a diploid zygote

5. the zygote divides by mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte

Front 63

zygotes and spores

true/false:

both are single cells

Back 63

true

Front 64

zygotes and spores

true/false:

both divide by mitosis to form multicellular individuals

Back 64

true

Front 65

zygotes develop into

Back 65

sporophytes

Front 66

spores develop into

Back 66

gametophytes

Front 67

zygotes are (diploid or haploid)

Back 67

diploid

Front 68

spores are (diploid or haploid)

Back 68

gametophytes

Front 69

the fusion of gametes forms only

Back 69

zygotes

Front 70

spores are produced by

Back 70

meiosis inside sporangia

Front 71

gametes are produced by

Back 71

mitosis inside gametangia

Front 72

single type of spore

spores develop into a bisexual gametophyte

Back 72

homosporous

Front 73

production of two distinct spore types by different structures

Back 73

heterospory

Front 74

microsporangia produce

Back 74

microspores

Front 75

megasporangia produce

Back 75

megaspores

Front 76

a structure that includes an embryo, nutrients, and a tough protective coat

Back 76

seed

Front 77

gymnosperm year

Back 77

299 to 145 million years ago

Front 78

angiosperm year

Back 78

150 million years ago

Front 79

most diverse land plant today

Back 79

angiosperm (flowering plants ~ 250000 species)

Front 80

two reproductive structures in a flower

Back 80

stamens and carpels

Front 81

the stamen contains the ______, where the _______ develop

Back 81

anther; microsporangia

Front 82

the carpel contains the ______, which contains _____, which contains the _________ megasporangia

Back 82

ovary; ovules; megasporangia

Front 83

angiosperm fertilization involves how many sperm

Back 83

2

Front 84

one sperm fuses with the egg to from the

Back 84

diploid (2n) zygote

Front 85

second sperm fuses with two nuclei in the female gametophyte to form a

Back 85

triploid (3n)

Front 86

angiosperms are divided into 2 groups

Back 86

1. monocotyledons (monocots)

2. dicotyledons (dicots)

Front 87

first leaves

Back 87

cotyledons

Front 88

monocots have ____ cotyledon

Back 88

1

Front 89

dicots have ____ cotyledons

Back 89

2