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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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prokaryotes |
plasma membrane, naked DNA, ribosomes, unique cell wall composition, binary fission, lack of membrane bound organelles |
defining characteristics |
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archaea |
bacteria-like with eukaryote characteristics, can be extremophiles, most free-living |
defining characteristics |
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cocci |
sphere-shaped bacteria |
type of bacteria |
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bacilli |
rod-shaped bacteria, can link end to end or stick side to side |
type of bacteria |
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spirochete |
spiral-shaped bacteria - causes Lyme disease |
type of bacteria |
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cyanobacteria |
free-living photosynthetic bacteria |
blue-green "algae", e.g. anabaena |
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heterocyst |
cellular site of nitrogen fixation |
in a cyanobacteria filament |
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hyphae |
microscopic, tubular, highly branched feeding structures of fungi |
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mycelium |
an aggregation of hyphae |
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aseptate hyphae |
multinucleate, coenocytic (no walls) |
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septate hyphae |
cross-walls present |
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saprotrophs |
heterotrophs, substrates are often dead organisms |
"decomposers" |
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biotrophs |
heterotrophs, obtain their organic compounds from living substrates, have host organisms |
"parasites" |
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mutualisms |
symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved |
e.g. mycorrhizas, lichens |
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lignin |
hard polymer of glucose, brown in colour, confers strength |
makes plants woody |
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xylem |
wood, transports water and minerals |
what does it transport |
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phloem |
bark, transports sugars |
what does it transport |
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plasmogamy |
mixing of cytoplasm of two cells without chromosome fusing, producing a heterokaryotic state |
sexual reprodution in fungi |
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chromalveolata |
endosymbiotic relationship with red algae, secondary endosymbiosis |
e.g. brown algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms |
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rhizaria |
thin extensions from cell, pseudopodia used for feeding and moving around |
defining characteristics |
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unikonta |
slime molds, amoebas, animals, fungi |
broad pseudopodia, what is contained in this supergroup? |
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archaeplastida |
green algae, land plants |
what is contained in this supergroup? |
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haplontic life cycle |
long lived phase of the organism is haploid; gametes produced by mitosis |
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spore |
a reproductive cell giving rise to a phase in the life cycle without fusion to another cell |
can be asexual or sexual |
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isogamy |
opposing mating type gametes that are morphologically identical, genetic factors distinguish the gametes |
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bryophytes |
major grouping of plants, must be linked to water |
e.g. moss |
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trachyophytes |
major grouping of plants, deal with drier environments |
"vascular plants" |
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charophytes |
ancestral green algae |
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alternation of generations |
haplodiplontic life cycle |
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sporophyte |
a multicellular diploid phase that produces spores through meiosis derived from a zygote |
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gametophyte |
a multicellular haploid phase that produces gametes through mitosis |
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archegonia |
female gametangia, produces egg cells by mitosis |
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antheridia |
male gametangia, produces sperm by mitosis |
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oogamy |
production of a large, non-motile egg, and motile sperm are transported by water or pollen tubes |
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pollen |
male gametophyte |
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syngamy |
the fusion of two gametes |
occurs within the archegonium |
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apical meristem |
a localized region of cell growth to produce new tissue by mitosis |
e.g. RAM, SAM |
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thallus |
a 3D plant body that lacks roots, stems, and leaves |
e.g. bryophytes |
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cuticle |
waxy lipid hydrophobic layer that prevents moisture loss in a plant |
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What are the three parts of archegonia? |
a neck, a venter, and an egg |
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protonema |
a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest (haploid) stage of a bryophyte life cycle |
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rhizoids |
root-like hairs on the underside of a thallus for conduction of water |
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What are the three parts of a mature moss sporophyte? |
a foot, a seta, and sporangium |
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seta |
the elongated stalk that raises up the spore bearing capsule of a moss sporophyte |
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gametophore |
a sexually mature gametophyte |
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lichen |
a symbiosis between fungal mycelium and algal cells |
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lycophyte |
seedless vascular plant |
e.g. club "moss" |
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pterophyte |
seedless vascular plant |
e.g. ferns |
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gynmnosperms |
seed plants |
e.g. spruces |
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angiosperms |
seed plants that flower |
e.g. orchids |
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parenchyma |
simplest type of cell |
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collenchyma |
cells for support |
e.g. string of celery |
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sclerenchyma |
very tough cells |
e.g. grit in pears, pine cones |
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periderm |
cork cells and cork cambia |
e.g. outer bark in woody plants |
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epidermis |
on above ground shoot parts |
covered in a cuticle |
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rhizome |
underground stem |
produced by SAM |
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adventitious root |
originates from the stem tissues |
e.g. from the rhizome |
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lateral root |
originates from another root |
"secondary root" |
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primary root |
originates from the embryo |
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annulus |
cells that lose water, shrink, and open the sporangium to help disperse the spores |
on the sporangium |
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micro prefix |
male |
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mega prefix |
female |
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endosperm |
3N tissue produced by double fertilization only in angiosperms |
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cotyledons |
embryonic leaves |
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pollination |
the transportation of pollen to female reproductive structures |
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sepals |
green and leaf-like structures that enclose the other flower parts |
(bud) |
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monocot |
have one single cotyledon in the seed |
e.g. corn |
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dicot |
have two cotyledons in the seed |
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petals |
often pigmented to attract pollinaters |
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stamen |
composed of a filament and an anther which contains 4 microsporangia |
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carpel |
composed of a stigma, style, and an ovary |
in angiosperms only |
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stigma |
receives pollen, site of pollen tube germination |
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style |
elevates the stigma to make more accessible to pollen |
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nectaries |
offer sugar rewards to pollinators and help align pollinators |
may or may not be present at the base of the petals |
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simple fruit |
formed from one carpel |
e.g. peas |
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aggregate fruit |
formed from several carpels derived on the same flower |
e.g. raspberry |
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multiple fruit |
formed from carpels derived from several flowers |
e.g. pineapple |
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triple fusion |
double fertilization |
only in angiosperms |
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fruit |
protect the embryo inside the seed and aid in dispersal of the seeds |
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auxin |
growth hormone |
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cytokinin |
hormone with a role in cytoplasmic division |
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vascular cambium |
produces secondary xylem and phloem |
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cork cambium |
produces cork cells |
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cork cells |
non-living cells that have a lot of lipid in their walls for protection, produce periderm |
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primary growth |
a continuous increase in the length of the plant |
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secondary growth |
a continuous increase in diameter of the plant |
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What are the two cellular components of xylem? |
tracheids and vessel elements |
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What are the two cellular components of phloem? |
sieve-tube elements with companion cells |
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seed dormancy |
mature seed is dormant, dehydrated, has low metabolic activity and suspended embryo growth |
allows the embryo to survive adverse environment conditions |
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overwintering |
seed produced in fall, seed requires extended cold period to break enforced dormancy |
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node |
the region of stem tissue where one or more leaves are attached |
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internode |
the region of stem between nodes |
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axillary bud |
an inactive SAM that produces future branches or flowers |
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terminal bud |
an active SAM |
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simple leaf |
blade is not divided into leaflets |
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compound leaf |
pinnate or palmate, blade is divided into leaflets |
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guard cells |
occur in pairs and use turgitiy to bind the pore (the stoma) that leads to the internal tissues |
in the epidermis |
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heartwood |
xylem |
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sapwood |
phloem |
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water potential |
a measure of the tendency of water to move along its concentration gradient |
symbolized by the Greek letter Psi |
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root pressure |
pushes water and minerals up the plant body at night when the stomata are closed |
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transmembrane lateral transport |
cell to cell (repeated crossings of plasma membrane) |
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symplast lateral transport |
solutes and water move cell to cell via plasmodesmata |
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apoplast lateral transport |
extracellular pathway |
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endodermis |
boundary between the root cortex and vascular cylinder that controls movement of solutes |
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ectomycorrhizas |
fungal hyphae link individual trees extracellularly |
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endomycorrhizas |
fungal hyphae penetrate root cell wall of tree but not the plasma membrane |
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phototropism |
growth response to a light stimulus |
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gibberellins |
hormones involved in germination |
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phycomyces
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common black bread mold
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basidiomycota
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mushrooms
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composed of a stalk, pileus, and gills
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Cosmarium
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a non-motile, freshwater member of division Chlorophyta (green algae)
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isthmus
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the constriction in the middle of the large unicell cosmarium
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Euglena
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motile unicellular freshwater organism traditionally classifed as a plant-like member of the Kingdom Protista
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stigma
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eye spot
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orange granule found on Euglena
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pyrenoids
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found in the chloroplasts of algae
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What are the three types of lichens?
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crustose, foliose, fruiticose
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homospory
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the production of similar sized spores
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e.g. seedless plants
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heterospory
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the production of different female spores and male spores
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e.g. seed plants
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integument
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a protective envelop of tissue surrounding the embryo
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micropyle
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a narrow canal in the integument
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corolla
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collective term for petals
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petiole
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stalk of a leaf
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stipules
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small appendages sometimes found at the base of a leaf
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alternate arrangement
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one leaf per node and successive leaves arise in a regular spiral
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leaf pattern
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opposite arrangement
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two leaves per node, successive pairs are commonly at right angles to each other along the stem
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leaf pattern
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whorled arrangement
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more than two leaves at each node
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leaf pattern
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rosette arrangement
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the leaves radiate from a central crown close to the soil surface
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leaf pattern
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suberin
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a fatty compound heavily found in the walls of cork cells
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sessile
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lack of a petiole
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regarding leaf
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