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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Native architecture
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Humans have a gene which enables us to learn, transmit and understand language
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Cognitive development
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The development of the thinking and organizing skills in our brain. This includes language, problem solving and memory.
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Environmental influences
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Our parents helped us to explore and experiment with language
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Strategic Flexibility
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The better we are at verbal communication, and the more words we have at our disposal the better we will be at thinking about how to deal with different situations.
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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The language we use influences the way we view the world.
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Denotative meanings
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Dictionary definition
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Connotative meanings
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Feelings or associations people have about words
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Semantic Triangle
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1) The matter (Referent) evokes your thought => Intended meaning
2) You encode your (Thought) by choosing a word or words to represent it => Encoded 3) (Symbol) or word is convey to your listener then he/ she arrives at the interpretation of the matter |
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The Ladder of Abstraction
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Abstract (Concepts, Themes= multiple meanings) to Concrete (Examples- fewer meanings)
1) Wealth 2) Farm 3) Live- stock 4) Cow 5) Bessie |
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Meanings
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Ultimately determined by people, not words.
Different disciplines or experiences have unique vocabularies which can lead to difficulties in communication |
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Language in Developing Online Credibility
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Eliminate typos
Choose your topic carefully Research it thoroughly Organize your ideas Make careful word choices Check for smooth flow and consistency |
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Elements of the language environment:
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1) People
2) Their purpose 3) The rules of communication by which they achieve their purpose 4) The actual talk used in the situation |
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Ritual language
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At a wedding?
When seeing someone’s new baby? When having dinner at a friend’s house? When your brother gets engaged? When your girlfriend shows you the new dress she bought for an event? |
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Appropriate language
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Varies by society
Varies by family Varies by setting |
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Inappropriate Language
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Any language that is offensive, vulgar, and impolite us unacceptable wherever it occurs. This kind of language should be a zero-tolerance issue
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Racist Language
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Discrimination or prejudice based on the race of an individual or group.
Portrays individuals or groups in negative terms. |
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Sexist Language
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Language that should include all but excludes a gender.
Perpetuates stereotypes |
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Ableist Language
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Language used to discuss people with disabilities.
People with disabilities were formerly called “handicapped.” “Disabled person” implies that person is as a whole, disabled “Epileptic” equates person with their condition “Stroke victim” has negative connotation “Cripple” is very demeaning |
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Euphemisms
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An inoffensive word or phrase that is substituted for “unpleasant” words.
“ugly” “skinny” “stupid” |
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Styles
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Style is the way you select and arrange words and sentences
Style can influence people’s opinion of you Styles are connected with the roles you play |
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Gender and Language
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Women
Rapport-talk Use more pronouns and intensive adverbs Use more questions and justifiers Prefer statement of understanding or empathy Men Report-talk Discuss problems in terms of solutions Interrupt more Give more directives |
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Gender and Language Classroom
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Women do not usually enjoy verbal conflict and prefer anecdotes and small group work.
Men are more likely to say what they know and welcome arguments and challenges Reject anecdotal info |
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Gender and Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)
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Females
Post short messages Qualify their assertions Apologize Type representations of smiles or laughter Express support of others Males Post longer messages Begin and close discussions Assert strong opinions Use crude language Use more aggressive and insulting speech |
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Powerful talk
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Talk that comes directly to the point- talk that does not use hesitation or qualifications
Leads to increased persuasiveness, credibility and attractiveness |
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Dialect
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The habitual language of a community distinguished by unique grammatical structures, words, and figures of speech.
Different from language taught in classroom. |
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Speaking
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More transactional
Easy to change comments depending on audience feedback Paralanguage- vocal cues, the way words are used |
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Writing
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Cannot change written language
Reaction from audience is unusual If the words don’t work, the attempt at communication fails |
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How do you want to say it?
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Clarity
Vividness |
