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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The framework of biological molecules consists mostly of: |
Carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms or to atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or hydrogen. |
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How many covalent bonds can carbon form? |
Up to four |
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What is a hydrocarbon? |
A molecule consisting only of hydrogen and carbon. The covalent bonds between C and H store a considerable amount of energy, so they make great fuels. |
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Are hydrocarbons polar or non-polar? |
Non-polar. This is because C and H have similar electronegativities, thus the charge is similarly distributed. |
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What is a polar molecule? |
A molecule that exhibits regions of partial positive or negative charges. |
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To what are functional groups attached? |
Polar molecules that have a C-H core. |
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What is a functional group? |
A molecular group attached to a molecule with a C-H core. Each functional group has a definite chemical property that they retain no matter what. They give molecules specific chemical properties. |
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Name the structural formula of Hydroxyl and state where it is found. |
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids |
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Name the structural formula for Carbonyl and state where it is found. |
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
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Name the structural formula for Carboxyl and state where it is found. |
Proteins, lipids |
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Name the structural formula for Amino and state where it is found. |
Proteins, nucleic acids, |
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Name the structural formula for Sulfhydryl and state where it is found. |
Proteins |
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Name the structural formula for Phosphate and state where it is found. |
Nucleic acids. |
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Name the structural formula for Methyl and state where it is found. |
Proteins |
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What is an isomer? |
An organic molecule having the same molecular or empirical formula, but existing in different forms. There are structural isomers and stereoisomers. |
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What is a structural isomer? |
An isomer with differences in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton. |
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What is a stereoisomer? |
An isomer with the same carbon skeleton, but differ in the arrangement of their attached groups in space. |
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What is an enantiomer? |
Stereoisomers which are mirror images of each other. |
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What is a chiral molecule? |
A molecule that has a mirror image. When C is bonded to four different molecules, this inherent asymmetry exists. |
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What are the four biological molecules? |
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. |
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What is a polymer? |
A long molecule made up of small sub-units called monomers. The nature of a polymer is determined by the monomers used to build the polymer. |
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What is a monomer? |
Small, chemical sub-units used to build polymers. |
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Name some carbohydrates. |
Starch (glycogen), cellulose, chitin |
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Name the sub-unit and function of starch (glycogen), and give an example of where it is found. |
Sub-unit: Glucose Function: Energy storage Found in: Potatoes |
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Name the sub-unit and function of cellulose, and give an example of where it is found. |
Sub-unit: Glucose Function: Structural support in plant cell-wall Found in: Paper, strings of celery |
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Name the sub-unit and function of chitin, and give an example of where it is found. |
Sub-unit: Modified glucose Function: Structural support Found in: Crab shells |
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Name some nucleic acids. |
DNA and RNA |
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Name the sub-unit and function of DNA, and give an example of where it is found. |
Sub-unit: Nucleotides Function: Encodes genes Found in: Chromosomes |
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Name the sub-unit and function of RNA, and give an example of where it is found. |
Sub-unit: Nucleotides Function: Needed for gene expression Found in: Messenger RNA |
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Name some proteins. |
Functional and structural |
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Name the sub-unit and function of functional proteins, and give an example of where they are found. |
Sub-unit: Amino acids Function: Catalysis, transport Found in: Hemoglobin |
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Name the sub-unit and function of structural proteins, and give an example of where they are found. |
Sub-unit: Amino acids Function: Support Found in: Hair, silk |
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Name some lipids. |
Fats, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins, Steroids, and Terpenes |
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Name the sub-unit and function of fats, and give an example of where they are found. |
Sub-unit: Glycerol and three fatty acids Function: Energy storage Found in: Butter, corn oil, soap |
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Name the sub-unit and function of phospholipids, and give an example of where they are found. |
Sub-unit: Glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate, and polar R groups Function: Cell membranes Found in: Phosphatidylcholine |
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Name the sub-unit and function of prostaglandins, and give an example of where they are found. |
Sub-unit: Five-carbon rings with two nonpolar tails Function: Chemical messengers Found in: Prostaglandin E (PGE) |
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Name the sub-unit and function of steroids, and give an example of where they are found. |
Sub-unit: Four fused carbon rings Function: Membranes, hormones Found in: Cholesterol, estrogen |
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Name the sub-unit and function of terpenes, and give an example of where they are found. |
Sub-unit: Long carbon chains Function: pigments, structural support Found in: Carotene, rubber |
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What is a dehydration reaction? |
The synthesis of monomers
The removal of an -OH group from one monomer, and a H atom from another One molecule of water is removed for every sub-unit added |
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What is a hydrolysis reaction? |
The breaking of polymers into monomers A H atom is attached to one sub-unit and a -OH is added to another, breaking a specific covalent bond A molecule of water per sub-unit is used for this reaction |
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What is a carbohydrate? |
Molecules that all contain C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Well suited for energy storage. |
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What is a monosaccharide? |
The simplest carbohydrate. Mono: single; Saccharide: sugar. Important monosaccharides contain six C atoms. Most important is glucose. |
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What is a disaccharide? |
A link of two monosaccharides Serve as transport molecules in plants and provide nutrition in animals Serve as effective reservoirs of glucose |
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What is a polysaccharide? |
Longer polymers made of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reactions. |
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What is a storage polysaccharide? |
Starch |
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What is a structural polysaccharide? |
Cellulose |
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What is the chief component of plant cell walls? |
Cellulose; because cellulose cannot be broken down by most creatures, which is why they are structural. Creatures that can break down cellulose do so with bacteria and protists that contain the enzyme required. |
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What is chitin? |
A structural material found in arthropods and many fungi. |
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Where is genetic information stored? |
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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What is the role of RNA in cells? |
RNA (ribonucleic acid) carries information, assists in protein synthesis, and is involved in gene expression. |
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Explain the difference between DNA and RNA |
DNA stores information for gene expression, while RNA transports this information (mRNA) and assists in gene expression and protein synthesis. |
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What are nucleic acids? |
Nucleotide polymers: long polymers of repeating sub-units called nucleotides. |
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What is a nucleotide? |
The sub-units of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Consists of: a pentose (5 C sugar), a phosphate group, and an organic nitrogenous base. |
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What is the structure of a nucleic acid? |
A chain of 5 C sugars linked by phosphodiester bonds with a nitrogenous base protruding from each sugar. |
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What are the five types of nitrogenous bases? |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA only) and Uracil (RNA only). |
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Adenine pairs with: |
Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA) |
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Cytosine pairs with: |
Guanine |
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The structure of DNA can be thought of as: |
A ladder with four base-pairs. Each rung of the ladder represents one base-pair. |
