Chapter 3 The Cell

Front 1

the cell

Back 1

is the basic structural and functional unit of life

Front 2

principle of complementarity

Back 2

the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific subcelluar structures

Front 3

plasma membrane

Back 3

separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid

Front 4

cytoplasm

Back 4

intracellular fluid

Front 5

organelles

Back 5

structures in the cytoplasm that perform specific function

Front 6

nucleus

Back 6

controls cellular activity

Front 7

phospholipid bilayer

Back 7

double layer of phospholipid lying tail to tail

Front 8

polar heads

Back 8

hydropholic

Front 9

nonpolar tails

Back 9

hydrophobic

Front 10

what are imbedded molecules in the bilayer

Back 10

cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins, and glycoprotein

Front 11

what is 20% of membrane lipid to stabilize the membrane

Back 11

cholesterol

Front 12

what is 5% on the outer layer of total membrane lipid

Back 12

glycolipids

Front 13

what makes most of the plasma membrane

Back 13

unsaturated phospholipids (structure of unsaturated keeps molecules loose)

Front 14

lipid rafts

Back 14

densly packed molecules formed with saturated fats

Front 15

transmembrane

Back 15

involved to transport as channels or carriers

Front 16

peripheral proteins loosely attached to plasma membrane 1) 2)

Back 16

1) structural help stabilize or modify shape 2) functional enzyme system

Front 17

glycocalyx

Back 17

glycolipids + glycoprotein

Front 18

microvilli

Back 18

muliple projections of pm act to increase the surface area

Front 19

tight junction

Back 19

fused together and nothing is able to go through

Front 20

demosomes

Back 20

anchor point, mechanical couplings scattered along side of adjacent cells

Front 21

2 things about desmosomes

Back 21

cadherins and intracellular plaque

Front 22

cadherins

Back 22

linked by protein filament between cells

Front 23

intracellular plaque

Back 23

serves as cytoskeleton

Front 24

gap junction

Back 24

communcating

Front 25

receptors

Back 25

receive and relay messages across the plasma membrane

Front 26

function of membrane protein

Back 26

transport, enzymatic activity, receptors for signal transduction.....more information

Front 27

2 types of transport

Back 27

passive and active

Front 28

passive

Back 28

requires no energy

Front 29

active

Back 29

requires energy

Front 30

2 types of passive transport

Back 30

diffusion and filtration

Front 31

diffusion

Back 31

movement of substance down its concentration gradient

Front 32

3 types of diffusion

Back 32

simple, facilitated, and osmosis

Front 33

simple diffusion

Back 33

moves down its concentration across the plasma membrane (can move bc nonploar fat soluble)

Front 34

facilitated diffusion

Back 34

moves down its concentration gradient by binding to a protein or through a channel protein (polar and h2o soluble)

Front 35

2 types of facilitated diffusion

Back 35

carriers and channels

Front 36

osmosis

Back 36

h2o movement through h2o channel (aquaporins) and across the pm

Front 37

osmosis continued

Back 37

diffusion of solvent and depends on the number of solute molecules rather than the type of molecules

Front 38

osmosis tonicity

Back 38

comparison of concentrations inside and outside the cell

Front 39

3 types of tonicity

Back 39

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

Front 40

isotonic

Back 40

concentration equal so no h2o exchange

Front 41

hypotonic

Back 41

concentration outside is lower than inside: h2o --> in cell swells up and burst

Front 42

hypertonic

Back 42

concetration outside is higher than inside : h2o --> shrink (crenation)

Front 43

filtration

Back 43

movement due to hydrostatic pressure

Front 44

what type of process is filtration

Back 44

passive, and moves down a PRESSURE gradient (seen in capillaries)

Front 45

active transport

Back 45

requires energy and moves AGAINST the concentration gradient

Front 46

3 types of active transport

Back 46

primary, secondary, vesicular

Front 47

primary active transport

Back 47

requires ATP ex: Na-K pump

Front 48

secondary active transport

Back 48

indirect drive of a facilitated diffusion mechanism, ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN Na+ GRADIENT

Front 49

vesicular transport

Back 49

fluid, large particles and macromolecules

Front 50

what can happen during vesicular transport

Back 50

exocytosis, endocytosis, phocytosis, pinocytosis

Front 51

exocytosis

Back 51

move OUT of cell- intracellular membrane bound vesicle merges with pm and releases contents to extracellular fluid

Front 52

endocytosis

Back 52

move IN of cell - pocket of pm buds into cell

Front 53

2 things about endocytosis

Back 53

clathrin and endosome

Front 54

clathrin

Back 54

protein coat helps form vesicle

Front 55

endosome

Back 55

vesicle inside the cell, no clathrin coat, may return to pm, may merge with other endosomes for chemical processing, may move cell to dump on other side (transcytosis)

Front 56

phagocytosis

Back 56

"cell eating" phagosome; contain large solid particles (bacteria) merge with lysosome for digestion (chemical)

Front 57

pinocytosis

Back 57

endosome formed contains liquid

Front 58

membrane potential

Back 58

the electrical gradient across the pm. ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT modifies diffusion of charged particles.

Front 59

cell environment interaction

Back 59

cells respond to extracellular chemicals. molecules direct migration directly to cells

Front 60

CAM

Back 60

cell adhesion molecules; glycoprotein involed in embryonic development, wound repair/immunity

Front 61

3 membrane receptors

Back 61

contact, electrical, chemical signaling

Front 62

contact signaling

Back 62

the way cells recognize each other when they TOUCH

Front 63

electrical signaling

Back 63

some pm respond to changes in membrane potential by open or close; ion channels (neural/muscle tissue)

Front 64

chemical signaling

Back 64

a chemical bind with a pm receptor

Front 65

3 factors in chemical signaling

Back 65

ligand, cellular response, ligand to receptor binding results in structural change in receptor protein

Front 66

ligand

Back 66

signal chemical (neurotransmitter, hormones, paracrines

Front 67

2 parts to chemical signaling ; ligand to receptor binding results

Back 67

direct effect and indirect effect

Front 68

direct effect

Back 68

may have structural change (operation of chemical gate enzymes activation)

Front 69

cell environment interaction

Back 69

cells respond to extracellular chemicals. molecules direct migration directly to cells

Front 70

CAM

Back 70

cell adhesion molecules; glycoprotein involed in embryonic development, wound repair/immunity

Front 71

3 membrane receptors

Back 71

contact, electrical, chemical signaling

Front 72

contact signaling

Back 72

the way cells recognize each other when they TOUCH

Front 73

electrical signaling

Back 73

some pm respond to changes in membrane potential by open or close; ion channels (neural/muscle tissue)

Front 74

chemical signaling

Back 74

a chemical bind with a pm receptor

Front 75

3 factors in chemical signaling

Back 75

ligand, cellular response, ligand to receptor binding results in structural change in receptor protein

Front 76

ligand

Back 76

signal chemical (neurotransmitter, hormones, paracrines

Front 77

2 parts to chemical signaling ; ligand to receptor binding results

Back 77

direct effect and indirect effect

Front 78

direct effect

Back 78

may have structural change (operation of chemical gate enzymes activation)

Front 79

cytoplasm

Back 79

material btwn pm + nucleus: cytosol inclusions and organelles

Front 80

cytosol

Back 80

vicious colloid/solution of protein, salts, and sugars

Front 81

inclusions

Back 81

chemical substance, lipid droplets (fat), glycogen (liver), etc.

Front 82

2 types of cyoplasmic organelles

Back 82

membranous and nonmembranous organelles

Front 83

membranous organelles

Back 83

membrane bound, establish separate compartments (with their own internal environment) (mitochondria, perosxisomes, lysosomes, ER, golgi apparatus)

Front 84

non membranous organelles

Back 84

cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes (protein synthesis)

Front 85

mitochondira characteristics

Back 85

double membrane : outer sheath and inner heavily folded (cristae), multiple enzymes break down fuel for energy to form ATP from ADP (aerobic respiration, CONTAINS RNA and DNA, CAN REPLICATE

Front 86

ribosomes

Back 86

made of PROTEIN and RNA, exist free floating or bound to the membrane, protein synthesis

Front 87

endoplasmic reticulum (cisternae) and the 2 types

Back 87

extensive folded membrane and tubes form cristernae, rough and smooth ER

Front 88

rough ER

Back 88

studded with ribosomes; found in cells involved in protein synthesis; secretory cells, liver, active immune system cells

Front 89

smooth ER

Back 89

no protein synthesis, has enzymes: membranous sacs. lipid metabolism (liver), steroid hormone (gonad), absorption/transport of fat (intestine), detoxification (liver/kidney), glycopen breakdown (liver), specialized SER in muscle (sarcoplasmic reticulum). most other cells have little smooth ER

Front 90

golgi apparatus

Back 90

stacked and flattened : modifies concentrates and PACKAGES cellular products

Front 91

parts of golgi apparatus

Back 91

Cis face, Trans face, secretory vesicles, coatomer coated vesicles and lysosomes

Front 92

Cis face

Back 92

RECEIVES vesicles from RER

Front 93

Trans face

Back 93

BUDS VESICLES OFF into cytoplasm

Front 94

secretory vesicles

Back 94

protein cargo delivered to pm - exocytosis

Front 95

coatomer coated vesicles

Back 95

to pm and incorporated into pm

Front 96

lysosomes

Back 96

contain DIGESTIVE ENZYMES (acid hydrolases) digest contents of phagosomes, DIGESTING CELLULAR DEBRIS, normal tissue breakdown during development

Front 97

endomembrane interactions

Back 97

the various membranous structures: produce, store, and export biological molecules. degrade potentially harmful substances. includes membranous organelles and nuclear membrane. and variety of interactions/exchange of materials and membrane (system of organelles working together as one in a cell)

Front 98

peroxisomes

Back 98

potent enzymes (oxidases and catalases) neutralize free radicals

Front 99

characteristics of peroxisomes

Back 99

free radicals - highly reactive, has unpaired electron that disrupts bio molecules, oxidases form h2o2 (hydrogen peroxide) then catalase converts to water, self replicating : not produced by golgi apparatus.

Front 100

cytoskeleton

Back 100

acts as skeletal support and as cellular "muscle"

Front 101

3 parts of cytoskeleton

Back 101

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate fibers

Front 102

microtubules

Back 102

Largest and composed of tubulin (spherical protein) radiate from centrosomes

Front 103

microfilaments

Back 103

smallest/thinnest and double strand of ACTIN responsible for cell movement and shape

Front 104

intermediate fibers

Back 104

Medium size, attach to desmosomes. tough insoluble: acts as CABLES

Front 105

motor molecules (MM)

Back 105

organelles anchored to microtubules are moved around the cell by MM. motor protein (kinesins and dyneins) pull organelles along microtubules

Front 106

centrosomes

Back 106

microtubule organizing center contains centrioles (we need centrosomes)

Front 107

centriole

Back 107

nine triplets of microtubules paired organelles (involved in cilia or flagella) centrioles act as foundation. 9 doublets with central core

Front 108

2 types of cellular extensions

Back 108

cilia and flagella

Front 109

centrioles

Back 109

basal body

Front 110

flagella

Back 110

move the cell- spermotoza : the only flagellated human cell

Front 111

cilia

Back 111

move extracellular material across the surface of the cell

Front 112

dynein arms

Back 112

bend cilia (power stroke) then release (recovery stroke)