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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Passive Movement occurs in... |
...Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion & Osmosis (does not need ATP) |
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Diffusion is... |
...the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration. |
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In Simple Diffusion... |
...lipid soluble particles freely enter and leave through the cell membrane (lipid bi-layer). Examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide |
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In Facilitated Diffusion... |
...a channel or carrier protein must be present so the transported substance can bind to protein carrier or move through water filled protein channels. |
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Facilitated Diffusion... |
Carrier-mediated: glucose or amino acids (moves through membrane channel) Channel-mediated: ions or water (attaches to membrane channel (protein) and moved across membrane |
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Osmosis is... |
...the diffusion of water. (Water likes to go where the parti (particles) is at! |
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In Isotonic solutions... |
...cells maintain normal shape and size. |
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In Hypertonic solutions... |
...cells shrink. |
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In Hypotonic solutions... |
...cells swell & may burst. |
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Passive Membrane Transport Processes: Diffusion |
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Active Transport occurs in... |
...Endocytosis & Exocytosis & Na+ -K+ pump (needs ATP to work, may or may not follow diffusion) |
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In Primary Active Transport... |
...the energy to do work comes directly from the hydrolysis of ATP. |
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Primary Active Transport system includes... |
...calcium and hydrogen pumps, but most importantly the Na+ -K+ pump (sodium-potassium). |
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Na+ -K+ pump... |
...moves (3) Na+ out of the cell and (2) K+ into the cell. (40% of our ATP is used to power this) ***Potassium lives inside the cell.*** |
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Events of Endocytosis... |
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The 3 types of Endocytosis are... |
...Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis & Receptor-mediated Endocytosis. |
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Phagocytosis... |
..."cell eating" cell engulfs large or solid material such as a clump of bacteria, cell debris or inanimate particles. Example: WBC's |
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Pinocytosis... |
..."cell drinking" a bit of membrane surrounds small volume of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules Example: Intestinal Cells |
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis... |
...before molecule is taken in, it has to bind to certain receptors. Example: the way cells take in LDL (bad cholesterol) |
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Exocytosis... |
...process that ejects substances from the cell into the extracellular fluid. (Calcium (Ca2+) is required) Example: neurons --> release neurotransmitter |
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Vesicular Transport... |
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Organelles are... |
...functional compartments in the cell. |
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Mitochondria... |
...is the "powerplant" of the cell. It supplies the cell with energy in the form of ATP. Example: uses O2 & Nutrients to make ATP, CO2 is a bi-product of process |
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Rough ER (Endoplasmic reticulum)... |
..."membrane factory" is Ribosomal (makes protein) & makes Phospholipids. |
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Smooth ER... |
...makes Phospholipids, steroid hormones & stores Ca2+ |
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Golgi Apparatus... |
...packages and ships substances made in RER & SER to their appropriate destinations. |
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The Endomembrane System... |
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Peroxisomes... |
...spherical membranous sacs that take in and destroy oxidants "free radicals" (detoxifier of the cell). Example: liver cells have lots of peroxisomes |
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Lysosomes... |
..."demolition crew" spherical membranous organelles that are used to destroy foreign particles or digest old cell parts. ***Large and abundant in phagocytes*** |
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Cytoskeleton components... |
..."cell skeleton" made up of 3 types of rods. Microfilaments, Microtubules & Intermediate Filaments |
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Microfilaments... |
...smallest & thinnest semi-flexible strands of proteins that change the shape of the cell membrane and allow the cell to move. |
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Microtubules... |
...largest, intracellular roads along which organelles move and are positioned (important in cell division). |
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Intermediate Filaments... |
...strongest, intracellular cables or beams that give the cell its strength. Ex. Keratin |
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Centrosome... |
..."cell center" is the place where all microtubules converge. |
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Cilia... |
...are whiplike and propel substances along the surface of a cell Ex. mucus in the airway, oocytes along the oviduct |
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Flagellar... |
...only flagellated cell in the human body is a sperm. (propels the cell itself) |
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Microvilli... |
...very short, immovable cellular extensions. Purpose: absorption Ex. kidney tubule cells & intestinal cells |
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Nucleus... |
... has a double membrane and has pores for entry of proteins and exit of RNA (nucleolus contains rRNA) |
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Chromatin & chromosome structure... |
1. DNA 2. DNA wrapped around histomes (protein) 3. Chromosome: very large unit of chromatin |
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Replication of DNA: |
1. Pull apart 2. Add new bases (letters) |
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Transcription... |
...information from DNA is used to make RNA (RNA contains A,U,G,C) |
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The 2 parts of protein synthesis are... |
...transcription (DNA--> mRNA) and translation (mRNA--> Protein) **translator- ribosomes in cytoplasm** **Protein- building blocks for amino acids** |
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The 3 types of RNA in protein synthesis... |
1. mRNA--> has codons (message from Gene) 2. rRNA--> on ribosome 3. tRNA--> transfers amino acids (has anti-codon) |
