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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Na+/K+-ATPase is considered an electrogenic pump because
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it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
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What is keratinization
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cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin
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This layer of skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
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dermis
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what is albinism
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inherited inability to produce melanin
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name 4 characteristics of thick skin
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1)found palms, soles of feet, fingertips 2) does not contain hair follicles 3)contains more sweat glands 4) contain epidermal ridges
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Another name of the subcutaneous layer
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hypodermis
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layer of skin composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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epidermis
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keratin is...
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a protein
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these epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance
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Langerhans cells
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this layer of the epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
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statum basale
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this layer of the epidermis contains layers of flattened keratinocytes that are going through apoptosis
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stratum granulosum
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which dermal layer is present only in thick skins?
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stratum lucidum
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constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the ___ of the epidermis
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stratum corneum
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this is the fine pigmented skin that covers the body of the fetus
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lanugo
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this type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle.
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sebaceous gland
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which structure helps prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin?
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oil glands
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This type of exocrine gland is a simple, coiled tubular gland that is found throughout almost the entirety of the skin
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eccrine sweat gland
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this type of scar tissue extends beyond the boundary of an injury
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keloid scar
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one function of this long bone structure is the storage of energy in the form of triglycerides
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marrow
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this is the region of the long bone that articulates with other bones
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epiphysis
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this is the long shaft of the bone
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diaphysis
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this is a layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in a joint
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articular cartilage
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this is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length
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epiphyseal plate
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this is the region of the long bone found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
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metaphysis
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this is the fibrous covering on the surface of the bone that is involved in thickening of the bone
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periosteum
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list bone cells in the order from unspecialized to high specialized
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osteogenic- osteoblasts - osteocytes - osteoclasts
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bone building cells
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osteoblasts
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bone dissolving cells
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osteoclasts
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which structure contains osteocytes?
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lacunae
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these are extensions of the lacunae filled with extracellular fluid
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canaliculi
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osteons in compact bone are aligned
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parallel to the length of the diaphysis
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T/F: bone remodeling occurs at different rates in compact bone and spongy bone
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FALSE
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What is the yearly renewal rate for compact bone tissure ? (%)
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4%
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which minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?
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calcium and phosphorus
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List for the four zones of cartilage found within the growth plate starting at the epiphysis and extending to the diaphysis
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R-P_H-C
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which four things contribute significantly to bone remodeling and growth
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parathyroid hormones, vitamin D, sex steroids, human growth hormone
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This type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is seen only in children
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greenstick
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about 25% of all stress fractures involve which bone
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tibia
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bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?
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parathyroid hormone
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an increase in bone growth is promoted by which hormones?
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calcitonin and calcitriol
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what is orthopedics?
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branch of medicine that deals with the correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
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how many bones in the adult human skeleton
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206
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how many in the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton?
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axial - 80, appendicular -126 (includes pelvis)
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what kind of bone is the femur
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long bone
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what kind of bone is the occipital bone
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flat bone
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what kinds of bones are the ankles and wrists
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short bones
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an opening or hole through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a
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foramen
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a rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion (neck) of a bone is called a
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head
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a prominent ridge or elongated projection on a bone is called a
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crest
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T/F: the bones of the skull contain foramina but no fissures
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false
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these cranial bones form the interior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor
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temporal
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these cranial bones contain the organs of hearing and balance, and articulate with the mandible
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temporal
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this is the point of attachment for several neck muscles
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mastoid process
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these projections found on both sides of the foramen magnum articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertebrae
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occipital condyles
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which bone is the "keystone" of the cranial floor because it articulates with every other cranial bone
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sphenoid
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this is the anterior bone that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint
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clavicle
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this bone has an S shape that includes the medial half of the bone being convex anteriorly and the lateral half being concave anteriorly.
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clavicle
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which of the following bones articulates with the scapula?
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humerus
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this part of the clavicle is rounded and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
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sternal end
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what is the "impression for the costolavicular ligament"
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the following bone marking on the clavicle that serves as an attachment site.
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Why does a fracture of the clavicle usually occur in the midregion of the bone?
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due to the weakness of the junction of the two curves of the clavicle
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know where the scapula is
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posterior thorax bw the levels of 2nd and 7th vertabrae
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which bone articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity
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humerous
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this is the thick edge of the scapula that is closer to the arm
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axillary border
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which bone marking is the located in the most superior position on the scapula?
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acromion
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which bone marketing is located in the anterior surface on the scapula?
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subscapular fossa
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what is the scapular notch used for?
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passageway for the suprascapular nerve
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which bone marking on the scapula is an indention into which the head of the humerous fits?
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glenoid cavity
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the human hand has how many carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges?
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8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges
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the glenohumeral joint is formed by the articulation of the
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humerous and scapula
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the epihyseal line on the proximal end of the humerus
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anatomical neck?? check this. could be surgical neck
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which direction does the lesser tubercle of the humerous project?
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anteriorly
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the deltoid tubercle of the humerus is found where?
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along the middle region of the shaft.
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the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the
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radius
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what is found on the proximal end of the humerus?
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intertubercular sulcus
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The ___ is found on the proximal end of the humerous.
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intertubercular sulcus
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this is a spool shaped process on the distal end of the humerus that is found medial to the capitulum and articulates with the ulna.
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trochlea
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this type of joint lacks a joint cavity and is held together by a fibrous connective tissue
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fibrous joint
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which kind of joints do not have a synovial cavity ?
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fibrous and cartilaginous joints
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this functional class of joints contains joints that are freely moveable
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diarthrosis
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which type of fibrous joint is composed of a thin layer of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue found between the bones of the skull
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suture
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the functional joint classification that a suture joint fits into is
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synarthrosis
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this type of fibrous joint, the connective tissue is typically arranged either as a bundle or as a sheet
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syndemoses
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what kind of joint is also called a dentoalveolar joint?
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gomphosis
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T/F: Gomphosis, Synchondrosis, and Sutures are all classified as synarthorsis in adults.
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TRUE
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The epiphyseal plate in the long bone is an example of this kind of joint.
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synchondrosis
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