A&p Final 3/3

Front 1

Which of the following is NOT a common arrangement of muscle fascicles?

a) pennate
b) triangular
c) oval
d) parallel
e) fusiform

Back 1

c) oval

Front 2

This type of fascicle arrangement has the fascicles spread over a broad area and converges at a thick central tendon.

Back 2

a) triangular

Front 3

This type of muscle works by stabilizing the origin of the agonist so that it can act more efficiently.

Back 3

d) fixator

Front 4

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly used to name skeletal muscles?

a) Size
b) Shape
c) Number of origins
d) Sites of origins
e) Thickness of fibers

Back 4

e) Thickness of fibers

Front 5

Where are the thenar muscles?

Back 5

hands

Front 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

a) Sensory function
b) Integrative function
c) Motor function
d) All are functions of the nervous system

Back 6

d) All are functions of the nervous system

Front 7

Which of the following are divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

a) Somatic nervous system
b) Autonomic nervous system
c) Enteric nervous system
d) All of these choices

Back 7

d) All of these choices

Front 8

24) The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into

a) somatic and sympathetic divisions.
b) somatic and parasympathetic divisions.
c) enteric and somatic divisions.
d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
e) voluntary and involuntary divisions.

Back 8

d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Front 9

Which types of cells display the property of electrical excitability?

Back 9

Muscle cells and Neurons

Front 10

Which of the organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

Back 10

Nissl body

Front 11

With respect to neurons, the term “nerve fiber” refers to

Back 11

both axons and dendrites.

Front 12

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body.

Back 12

bipolar neuron

Front 13

This type of neuron has dendrites and one axon emerging from the cell body.

Back 13

unipolar neuron

Front 14

Schwann’s cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system

Back 14

during fetal development.

Front 15

This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells.

Back 15

Gray matter

Front 16

31) Which of the following is NOT a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons?

31) Which of the following is NOT a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons?
a) Leakage channel
b) Voltage-gated channel
c) Ligand-gated channel
d) Mechanically gated channel
e) Ion-gated channel

Back 16

e) Ion-gated channel

Front 17

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

Back 17

c) –40 to –90 mV

Front 18

33) A polarized cell
a) has a charge imbalance across its membrane.
b) includes most cells of the body.
c) exhibits a membrane potential.
d) includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
e) All of these choices are correct.

Back 18

e) All of these choices are correct.

Front 19

34) Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

Back 19

a) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.

Front 20

A depolarizing graded potential

Back 20

makes the membrane less polarized.

Front 21

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

Back 21

d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Front 22

37) During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel,
1. the inactivation gate is open.
2. the activation gate is closed.
3. the channel is permeable to Na+.

Back 22

1 and 2 only

Front 23

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

Back 23

Relative refractory period

Front 24

Saltatory conduction

Back 24

occurs only in myelinated axons

Front 25

Which type of axons has the largest diameter?

Back 25

A fibers

Front 26

The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch by

Back 26

changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers.

Front 27

Which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial?

Back 27

Dura mater

Front 28

Which of the structures listed below contains cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 28

Subarachnoid space

Front 29

Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of

Back 29

pia mater.

Front 30

What spinal cord feature is the area where the nerves that supply the lower limb emerge?

Back 30

Lumbar enlargement

Front 31

Which of the following structures contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs to the CNS?

Back 31

Posterior root of spinal nerves

Front 32

Which layer of protective connective tissue is the outermost covering surrounding a spinal nerve?

Back 32

epineurium

Front 33

What types of axons are wrapped in a protective endoneurium?
1. Myelinated
2. Unmyelinated
3. Only dendrites are surrounded by endoneurium

Back 33

Both 1 and 2

Front 34

Spinal nerves
1. Are parts of PNS.
2. connect the CNS to sensors and effectors in all parts of the body.
3. are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge.

Back 34

1, 2 & 3

Front 35

This division of a spinal nerve reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and serves the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges.

Back 35

Meningeal branch

Front 36

Intercostal nerves
a) are also known as cervical nerves.
b) do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply.
c) are found in the C6-T4 area of the vertebral column.
d) extend through the sacrum.
e) do not exist in humans.

Back 36

do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply.

Front 37

A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of injury?

Back 37

Median nerve

Front 38

Which region of the spinal cord carries nerve impulses for proprioception?

Back 38

Posterior white column

Front 39

These white matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information.

Back 39

Ascending tracts

Front 40

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

Back 40

2 only

Front 41

Another term for the summing of EPSPs and IPSPs in the gray matter of spinal cord is

Back 41

integration.

Front 42

This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

Back 42

Direct pathway

Front 43

This type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance.

Back 43

Indirect pathway

Front 44

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors body conditions?

Back 44

Sensory receptor

Front 45

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc receives sensory information and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition?

Back 45

Integration center

Front 46

The brain and spinal cord develop from the ______ neural tube.

Back 46

ectodermal

Front 47

This brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct.

Back 47

Mesencephalon

Front 48

Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain?

Back 48

Cauda equina

Front 49

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

Back 49

Brain stem

Front 50

Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?

Back 50

Diencephalon

Front 51

Which of meninges has two layers?

Back 51

Cranial dura mater

Front 52

This extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Back 52

Falx cerebri

Front 53

The adult brain represents only ___%_ of the total body weight.

Back 53

2%

Front 54

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

Back 54

Blood brain barrier

Front 55

Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the ______ to neurons and neuroglia.

Back 55

blood

Front 56

Which of the following is a fluid-filled cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?

Back 56

Lateral ventricle

Front 57

This is a narrow fluid-filled cavity found along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus.

Back 57

Third ventricle

Front 58

73) Which of the following describes a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
1. Mechanical protection
2. pH homeostasis
3. Circulation

Back 58

All of these choices

Front 59

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 59

Choroid plexuses

Front 60

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed through these fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses.

Back 60

Arachnoid villi

Front 61

This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends throughout the brainstem and functions to help maintain consciousness.

Back 61

Reticular formation

Front 62

This structure in the brain contains centers responsible for the “startle reflex” in response to loud sounds.

Back 62

Inferior colliculus

Front 63

This region of the brain contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas that help control respiration.

Back 63

Pons

Front 64

Pyramids are

Back 64

white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata.

Front 65

Medullary nuclei are
1. masses of gray matter in the medulla oblongata.
2. masses of white matter in the medulla oblongata.
3. decussations of the pyramids.

Back 65

1 only.

Front 66

Interoceptors are found in

a) blood vessels
b) visceral organs
c) muscles

Back 66

All of the above.

Front 67

Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by
1. increasing activities in effector tissue.
2. decreasing activities in effector tissue.
3. changing the direction of impulse conduction across synapses.

Back 67

Both 1 and 2

Front 68

The autonomic nervous system is NOT involved in controlling

Back 68

skeletal muscle.

Front 69

Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct?
a) Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.
b) Has myelinated axons.
c) Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.
d) Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.
e) Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

Back 69

e) Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

Front 70

Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon?

Back 70

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Front 71

Which of the following does NOT describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?

a) Ganglia primarily found in the head
b) Stimulates sweat glands
c) Synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessel walls
d) Short preganglionic neurons
e) Thoracolumbar output

Back 71

Ganglia primarily found in the head

Front 72

Which of the following does NOT describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

a) Long preganglionic neurons
b) Synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessels walls
c) Vagus nerve output
d) Ganglia found near visceral effectors
e) Sacral spinal cord output

Back 72

Synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessels walls

Front 73

Which of the following terms is used to designate an effector that is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Back 73

Dual innervation

Front 74

Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion?

a) Celiac ganglion
b) Ciliary ganglion
c) Superior mesenteric ganglion
d) Inferior mesenteric ganglion
e) All are prevertebral ganglia

Back 74

Ciliary ganglion

Front 75

Which of the following is NOT a parasympat
hetic terminal ganglion?

a) Ciliary ganglion
b) Pterygopalatine ganglion
c) Submandibular ganglion
d) Otic ganglion

a) Ciliary ganglion
b) Pterygopalatine ganglion
c) Submandibular ganglion
d) Otic ganglion
e) All are parasympathetic terminal ganglia

Back 75

All are parasympathetic terminal ganglia

Front 76

The largest autonomic plexus is called the

Back 76

celiac plexus

Front 77

This autonomic plexus is located anterior to the fifth lumbar vertebra and serves the pelvic viscera.

Back 77

Hypogastric plexus

Front 78

These are structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.

Back 78

White rami communicantes

Front 79

These ganglia contain the cell bodies of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons that serve the parotid salivary glands.

Back 79

Otic ganglia

Front 80

The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are

Back 80

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Front 81

Acetylcholine is released by _____________postganglionic neurons and is removed from the synaptic cleft at a ______ rate than norepinephrine.

Back 81

parasympathetic; faster

Front 82

Which of the following are types of cholinergic receptors?

Back 82

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Front 83

Autonomic tone is regulated by the

Back 83

hypothalamus.

Front 84

Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

a) Decreased heart rate
b) Airway dilation
c) Decreased pupil diameter
d) Increased secretion of digestive juices
e) Increased gastric motility

Back 84

Airway dilation