Anatomy Exam 1 Study Guide

Front 1

Epidermis

Back 1

Tissue is stratified squamous epithelial with 90% of cells being keratinocytes.

Front 2

Dermis

Back 2

Tissue is dense irregular CT. Primary cell is a fibrocyte with many associated cells and structures.

Front 3

Hypodermis

Back 3

Adipose and Areolar CT; also called the superficial fascia.

Front 4

Superior (Cranial)

Back 4

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

Front 5

Inferior (Caudal)

Back 5

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Front 6

Ventral (Anterior)

Back 6

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

Front 7

Dorsal (Posterior)

Back 7

Toward or at the back of the body.

Front 8

Medial

Back 8

Toward or at the midline of the body; On the inner side of.

Front 9

Lateral

Back 9

Away from the midline of the body; On the outer side of.

Front 10

Intermediate

Back 10

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Front 11

Proximial

Back 11

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk.

Front 12

Distal

Back 12

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment to the limb to the body trunk.

Front 13

Deep (Internal)

Back 13

Away from the body surface; more internal

Front 14

Superficial (External)

Back 14

Toward or at the body surface.

Front 15

Which organs make up the RIGHT hypochondriac region?

Back 15

The liver and gallbladder.

Front 16

What organ makes up the RIGHT lumbar region?

Back 16

The Ascending colon of the large intestine.

Front 17

Which organs make up the RIGHT iliac region?

Back 17

The Cecum and Appendix.

Front 18

Which organ makes up the Epigastric region?

Back 18

The stomach.

Front 19

Which organs make up the LEFT hypochondriac region?

Back 19

The Diaphragm and Spleen.

Front 20

Which organ makes up the LEFT lumbar region.

Back 20

The descending colon of the large intestine.

Front 21

Which organ makes up the Umbilical region?

Back 21

The Small intestine.

Front 22

Which organ makes up the Hypogastric region of the body?

Back 22

The Urinary bladder.

Front 23

Which organ makes up the LEFT iliac region?

Back 23

The initial part of the sigmoid colon.

Front 24

Axial

Back 24

Relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the body.

Front 25

Appendicular

Back 25

Consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis. s

Front 26

Sagittal Plane

Back 26

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Front 27

Median Plane (Sagittal plane)

Back 27

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline of the body. (Midsagittal Plane)

Front 28

Frontal or Coronal Plane

Back 28

A plane that lies horizontally and divides the body into anterior & posterior parts.

Front 29

Transverse or horizontal plane

Back 29

Divides the body into Superior (Cranial) and Inferior (Caudal) parts.

Front 30

right upper quadrant

Back 30

RUQ- contains right lobe of liver (bulk of liver), right kidney, upper portion of right ureter, pancreas (small section), gallbladder, and portions of colon and intestine

Front 31

right lower quadrant

Back 31

RLQ- contains lower portion of right ureter, portions of clon and intestine, appendix, right ovary and fallopian tube (in females), and right vas deferens and seminal vesicle (in males)

Front 32

left upper quadrant

Back 32

LUQ- contains stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver (smaller), pancreas (most of organ), left kidney, upper portion of left ureter, portions of colon and intestines

Front 33

left lower quadrant

Back 33

LLQ- contains lower portion of left ureter, portions of colon and intestine, sigmoid colon, left ovary and fallopian tube (in females), and left vas deferens and seminal vesicle (in males)

Front 34

Triglycerides

Back 34

Made by dehydration synthesis from: 3 Fatty acids bound to glycerol.

Front 35

Phospholipids

Back 35

Have 2 Fatty acids + a phosphate group (with an R group) bound to glycerol

Front 36

Steroids

Back 36

4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings. All sterols in the body are modified from cholesterol. Examples include: bile salts and hormones (sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones)

Front 37

Cells are usually NEVER symmetrical. T/F

Back 37

True. When a cell is perfectly round, it is usually a cancer cell, because cells round up when they are scared.

Front 38

T/F

Abundance of organelles dictate the function of the cell.

Back 38

TRUE.

Front 39

Nucleus

Back 39

Responsible for housing DNA, & for making protein.

Front 40

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Back 40

Makes secretory proteins. Ex. Liver; has a lot of RER. Breast cells also.

Front 41

Mitochondria

Back 41

The powerhouse of cell. Makes ATP.

You will find a lot of mitochondria in muscle, it is red because there is COPPER in mitochondria.

Front 42

Golgi Apparatus

Back 42

Smooth ER. The shipping center of the cell. Takes proteins & ships them to specific destinations.

Front 43

Vesicles

Back 43

Vesicles are the transport busses of the cell. <-- They are critical of the cell. They carry material to specific places.

Front 44

Centrioles

Back 44

Important in cell division.

Front 45

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Back 45

Important in making lipids (Lipid synthesis) Also important in detoxification.

Front 46

Homeostasis

Back 46

maintenance of a uniform state.

Front 47

What are the general functions for bones (Osseus Tissue)?

Back 47

Supports + Protects (By enclosing); Provides leverage for muscle.

Front 48

What are the general functions for Hyaline cartilage?

Back 48

Supports & Reinforces; Resists compressive stress.

Front 49

What is the general function for Stratified squamous epithelia?

Back 49

Protection under tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Made up of keratinized cells.

Front 50

What is the general function for Cardiac muscle?

Back 50

As it contracts it propels blood into the circulation; Involuntary control.

Front 51

What are the general functions for skeletal muscle?

Back 51

Voluntary movement, locomotion, & Facial expression. Skeletal muscle is always Striated.

Front 52

What are the general functions for Simple Columnar Epithelia?

Back 52

Absorbtion & Secretion of mucus.

Front 53

What are the general functions for Elastic Connective tissue?

Back 53

Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.

Front 54

What are the functions of Simple squamous epithelium?

Back 54

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Front 55

What are the general functions of dense irregular CT?

Back 55

Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

Front 56

What are the general functions of Dense Regular CT?

Back 56

Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Front 57

What are the general functions of Loose Areolar CT?

Back 57

Wraps and cushions organs

Front 58

What are the general functions of Loose Adipose CT?

Back 58

Provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Front 59

What are the general functions of Reticular Connective fibers?

Back 59

Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

Front 60

What are the general functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?

Back 60

Secretion and absorption

Front 61

What is the function for Stratified cuboidal Epithelia?

Back 61

Protection

Front 62

Transitional Epithelium

Back 62

Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Front 63

What makes up the afferent pathway in Homeostasis?

Back 63

1.) Stimulus: Produces change in Variable

2.) Receptor: Detects Change

3.) Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.

Front 64

What makes up the Efferent pathway in Homeostasis?

Back 64

4.) Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.

5.) Response: of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.

Front 65

Cytoskeleton

Back 65

Cyt- Cells; Cytoskeleton made up of microtubules, they are thick & Microfilaments made up of actin. 3 important things, 1. Cell transport, 2. Provide shape & support for the cell, and 3. Cell division.

Front 66

Lysosomes

Back 66

Have a lot of acid in them. Bodies in the cell that are responsible for breakdown. They have enzymes in there responsible for breakdown.

Front 67

Peroxisome

Back 67

Breaking fat down. Beta- Oxidation = Fat breakdown

Front 68

Extra-

Back 68

Outside

Front 69

Intra-

Back 69

Inside

Front 70

Plasma-

Back 70

Life

Front 71

Inter-

Back 71

Between

Front 72

Interstitial Fluid (66% of body)

Back 72

-Aka cytosol or cytoplasm

-A colloid

-Rich in K+ (Potassium)

-Very low in Na+ (sodium) & Ca++ (Calcium)

-Rich in proteins (including enzymes) Compartmentalized in organelles

Front 73

Extracellular Fluid (33% of body)

Back 73

-Includes interstitial, blood, lymph, CSF, synovial, & others

-High in Na+ and Cl

-Low in K+ and proteins (with exception of blood)

-Most types freely exchange with each other

Front 74

Integral Membrane Proteins (IMPs)

Back 74

Proteins that go all the way across the membrane. Very tightly embedded in membrane.

Very TIGHTLY held. Can serve as channels or pumps.

Front 75

Peripheral Membrane Proteins (PMPs)

Back 75

Membrane proteins that don't go all the way across. They only go halfway, or stuck on one side. Very loose & mobile.

Front 76

Phospholipids

Back 76

Amphipathic molecules that determine which molecules cross the membrane by simple diffusion.

Front 77

Simple diffusion

Back 77

In a solution or gas that has an area of high numbers of particles and an area of lower numbers of particles, the particles will diffuse/move from the area of higher to lower concentration. Non-polar uncharged and small molecules e.g. Oxygen

Front 78

Uniport

Back 78

A transport mechanism that drives a single compound or ion across a membrane, not coupled with transport of any other compound or ion

Front 79

Antiport

Back 79

A transport mechanism that simultaneously drives two different compounds or ions in opposite directions across a membrane.

Front 80

Symport

Back 80

A transport mechanism that simultaneously drives two different compounds or ions in the same direction across a membrane.

Front 81

Facilitated diffusion

Back 81

A transport mechanism that moves compounds or ions down a concentration gradient, and requires no energy; also known asaccelerated diffusion or mediated transport.

Front 82

Osmosis

Back 82

Very SLOW.

Front 83

If you see the word CHANNEL, then it's automatically...

Back 83

Facilitated diffusion.

Front 84

If you see the word PUMP, then it is automatically...

Back 84

primary active transport.

Front 85

Equilibrium potential

Back 85

The membrane potential when concentration gradient = electrical and no net ion movement occurs.

Front 86

Tight junctions

Back 86

Water tight seals & prevent protein migrations from one side of the cell to the other.

-Can form water tight seals between neighboring cells.

Front 87

Gap junctions

Back 87

Transmit current and substances between the cells. Enable nutrients/waste to be exchanged.

-Form electrical synapses that enable adjacent cells to act electrically as one cell by allowing current to flow between cells

Front 88

Anchoring junctions (Desmosomes)

Back 88

Junctions that mechanically attach cells and their cytoskeletons to their neighbors and to the extracellular matrix.

Front 89

Desmosomes

Back 89

Binds adjacent cell membranes together for structural strength, but permeable to interstitial fluid flow. When combined with intermediate filaments gives sheet of tissue “tensile strength”.

Front 90

Collagen fibers

Back 90

Forms very strong fibers and may be found in bundles to impart tensile strength.

Front 91

Reticular fibers

Back 91

Forms a “soft skeleton” for supporting a network of cells; holds cells in a matrix

Front 92

Elastic fibers

Back 92

Enables tissues to be stretchy but strong.

Front 93

G Protein

Back 93

As long as the Ligand is bound to the receptor, the receptor Keeps kicking the G protein, then the G protein goes and activates an enzyme.

Kick robot dog, dog does task, dog comes back, kicks again

Front 94

How does the Ligand trigger Various cell responses?

Back 94

1.) First the Ligand binds to the Receptor

2.) Then the Receptor binds to G Protein & activates (Kicks it)

3.) The G Protein then binds & activates an effector protein (Enzyme)

4.) The shape changes & reactions produce 2nd messengers in the cell

5.) 2nd messengers activate kinase enzymes!

6.) These kinase enzymes then trigger various cell responses.

Front 95

Osmoregulation

Back 95

Prevent excessive water loss (epidermis)

Front 96

Thermoregulation

Back 96

acts as an effector n cooling and warming core temperature (dermis & hypodermis)

Front 97

Thin Skin

Back 97

Has 4 Layers; Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, and Stratum basale.

Front 98

Stratum Corneum

Back 98

Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin.

Front 99

Stratum granulosum

Back 99

3-5 layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating. Granules observed.

Front 100

Stratum spinosum

Back 100

Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

Front 101

Stratum Basale

Back 101

Deepest epidermal layer; One row of actively mitotic stem cells.

Front 102

Thick skin

Back 102

Has all 4 layers of Thin skin, plus the Clear stratum Lucidae layer found beneath the Stratum corneum. A lot of dead cells make up this layer.

Front 103

Stratum Lucidem

Back 103

Clear layer. In this layer it looks empty because the cells are dying.

Front 104

Melanocytes

Back 104

Found in strata basale and lower layers of Strata spinosum where there are no desmosomes. Produce melanin taken up by keratinocytes.

-Protects against UV radiation by filling itself with melanin & surrounding deeper mitotic keratinocytes

Front 105

Dendritic macrophage

Back 105

A fixed phagocyte of immune system.

Front 106

Tactile (Merkel) cell

Back 106

A Sensory receptor for light touch. It is a modified epithelial cell contacted by a sensory nerve axon.

Front 107

Dermal papillae

Back 107

Joins the basement membrane of epidermis to dermis and adds texture to epidermal surface.

Front 108

Papillary layer

Back 108

is made of areolar CT and push into lower epidermal layers to form “papillae” (looks like dust bunnies)

Front 109

Reticular Layer

Back 109

is made of dense regular CT. Bundling of collagen fibers adds tensile strength. (These look like nookos)

Front 110

Arrector pili

Back 110

A microscopic band of muscle tissue which connects a hair follicle to the dermis. When stimulated, the arrector pili will contract and cause the hair to raise to the skin surface (stand on end). (Goosebumps)

Front 111

Sebaceous Glands

Back 111

Usually associated with hair follicles. Secrete same components as in sweat plus lipids (sebrum).

-Hormone receptors increase secretions at puberty

Front 112

Hypothalamus

Back 112

The area of the brain where The Receptor and Control Center is in.

Front 113

Acclimitization

Back 113

Long term decreases or increases in environmental temperature (such as summer to winter) alter basal metabolic rates to enable us to adapt to colder or warmer environments.

Front 114

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

Back 114

1. Compact

2. Spongy

Front 115

What are the 3 types of cartilage in bone?

Back 115

1. Elastic

2. Hyaline

3. Fibrocartilage

Front 116

Chondro-

Back 116

Cartilage

Front 117

What is the main cartilage that is found in the skeletal system?

Back 117

Chondrocytes; They secrete a large amount of ECM. The Inside cartilage slowly gets converted into bone. Depend on external sources of calcium.

Front 118

Osteons

Back 118

A central canal and the concentric osseous lamellae encircling it, occurring in compact bone. Also called haversian system.

Front 119

Trabeculae

Back 119

Any of the supporting strands of connective tissue projecting into an organ and constituting part of the framework of that organ. (How spongy bone is arranged)

Front 120

Osteocytes

Back 120

An osteocyte is a bone-forming cell that has become entrapped within the bone matrix (the hard part of bone). It lies within a lacuna (a small pit) and communicates with its surroundings through tiny channels called canaliculi.

Front 121

Lamellae

Back 121

ECM of Calcified GAGs (Glycoproteins) and circularly arranged bundles of parallel collagen fibers bound to each other.

Front 122

Articular cartilage

Back 122

Hyaline cartilage cushions areas within joints.

Front 123

Circumferential lamellae

Back 123

Found at the outer and inner surfaces of the bone, where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum.

Front 124

Periosteum

Back 124

A membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer. 3 functions:
isolates bone from surrounding tissues, provides route for circulatory and nervous supply, and actively participates in bone growth and repair

Front 125

Endosteum

Back 125

Is an incomplete cellular layer and lines the medullary cavity. This layer, which is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling, covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canal.

Front 126

Red Bone Marrow

Back 126

Responsible for blood cell formation

Front 127

Yellow Bone Marrow

Back 127

Adipose tissue important as an energy reserve.

Front 128

Diaphysis

Back 128

The shaft of a long bone.

Front 129

Osteoclasts

Back 129

A cell that nibbles at and breaks down bone and is responsible for bone resorption.

Front 130

Osteoblasts

Back 130

A cell that makes bone. It does so by producing a matrix that then becomes mineralized. Bone mass is maintained by a balance between the activity of osteoblasts that form bone and other cells called osteoclasts that break it down.

Front 131

Osteoprogenitor/Osteogenic cells

Back 131

Bone stem cells

Front 132

Osteoid

Back 132

The organic matrix of bone; young bone that has not undergone calcification. Skeletal ECM

Front 133

What's the difference between the organized & disorganized Skeletal collagen fibers?

Back 133

-If you have disorganized collagen fibers = immature bone

-If you have ORGANIZED collagen fibers = mature bone.

Front 134

fibrocartilage

Back 134

Strongest, most durable type of cartilage. contains many collagen fibers. Found in intervertebral disk of the back and in the knee joint. also found in the symphysis pubis.

Front 135

Glycocalyx

Back 135

The outer layer of a bacteria cell. It helps the cell "stick" to other cells and other objects, as well as retain water.

-Its a gelatinous sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell for Prokaryotes.