Chapter 3 - Digestion, Absorption, And Transport

Front 1

What is digestion?

Back 1

the break down foods into nutrients (absolute units).It includes the mouth, stomach, and a little bit of the small intestine

Front 2

What is absorption?

Back 2

the uptakes of the nutrients into the small intestine cells for transport.

Front 3

What is transport?

Back 3

the spread of the nutrients in the circulatory system.

Front 4

What is a bolus?

Back 4

a lump of food swallowed at one time.

Front 5

What is Chyme?

Back 5

a bolus processed by stomach into semiliquid form.

Front 6

What are the parts of the small intestine?

Back 6

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Front 7

What are the steps of digestion?

Back 7

food enters the mouth as the teeth chews and saliva break down starch

travels down the esophagus as a bolus (passing through the upper esophageal sphintecrs)

enters the stomach by passing through the lower esophageal sphincters.

The stomach adds acids and enzyme to mix and grind food into liquid chyme.

The chyme exit the stomach by passing the pyloric sphincter to the small intestine.

the small intestine secrets enzymes that digest all the energy-yield nutrients.(food continues to break down and go down the small intestine)

The remainder of the food goes through the large intestine by the ileocecal valve. Water gets reabsorb.

After it past the appendix to the rectum ending at the anus.

Front 8

Name the two types of breakdown in digestion.

Back 8

Mechanical
Enzymatic

Front 9

What is chewing?

Back 9

Part of mechanical breakdown of digestion
Teeth tear the food while the tongue manoeuvres food in the mouth to create a bolus. Then the muscles of the esophagus propel the food down to the stomach by peristalsis.

Front 10

Define peristalsis.

Back 10

sequential contraction of circular muscle along the gastrointestinal tract.
The inner circular muscles contract, tightening the tube and pushing the food forward in the intestine. When the circular muscles relax, the outer longitudinal muscles contract, and the intestinal tube is loose.

Front 11

What is stomach action?

Back 11

It is part of mechanical breakdown.

The food break down because of the stomach muscle.
The stomach muscle contain 3 layers or muscles: longitudinal, circular, diagonal. These muscle contract and relax in waves to break down the bolus apart.

Front 12

What does the small intestine do?

Back 12

It is part of mechanical breakdown.

The small intestine muscles does Peristalsis and Segmentation. Peristalsis moves the chyme down the small intestine while segmentations breaks down chyme even more.

Front 13

What is involved with segmentation?

Back 13

Circular muscles contract, creating segments within the intestine

As each set of circular muscles relaxes and contracts, the chyme is broken up and mixed with digestive juices.

These alternating contractions, occurring 12 to 16 times per minute, continue to mix the chyme and bring the nutrients into contact with the intestinal lining for absorption.

Front 14

What does the saliva enzymes do?

Back 14

It is part of the enzymatic breakdown.

They are secreted by the sailvary glands which breaksdown starch.

Front 15

What is gastric juice?

Back 15

It is part of the enzymatic breakdown.

Secreted from the gastric glands to the stomach. It is the acid in the stomach HCl of the gastric juices that digest protein.

Front 16

What is pancreatic juice?

Back 16

It is part of the enzymatic breakdown.

Secreted from the pancreas to the small intestine. Contain sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acidic gastric juices. These enzyme breaks down carbohydrates fats and protein.

Front 17

What is intestinal juice?

Back 17

It is part of the enzymatic breakdown.

secreted from the intestinal glands to the small intestine. This breaks down carbohydrates fats and protein; mucus protects the intestinal wall.

Front 18

Durring digestion what does the liver do?

Back 18

The liver secrete bile to the gall bladder. The gall bladder secret the bile to he small intestine. Bile emulsify the fat - makes enzyme break it down.

Front 19

Challenges of digestions are?

Back 19

Food and air must be sorted (by pharynx and epiglottis)

material must move through gastrointestinal tract at a steady pace (with the help of water)

Cells of the gastrointestinal tract must avoid self digestion (by mucus in the wall for protection)

Mange to eliminate waste products(eating chewing swallowing elimination - voluntary, or peristalsis or segmentation- involuntary.

Front 20

Name the four sphincter of the gastrointestinal tract and their function.

Back 20

Esophageal sphincter which allows food to enter the stomach

Pyloric sphincter allows the chyme to enter the small intestine from the stomach.

Ileocecal valve allows the chyme into the large intestine from the small intestine.

Anal sphincter allows the food to leave the body.

Front 21

Which nutrient passes through the gastrointestinal tract mostly undigested and unabsorbed?

Back 21

Fiber.

Front 22

What is chocking?

Back 22

the bolus enters the trachea instead of the esophagus. Must do the heimic manoeuvre.

Front 23

What is an ulcer?

Back 23

a lesion in the mucus linning becomes expose to gastric jucies and damage the digestive cells.

Symptoms: pain internal bleeding loss of iron or death.
Reason: bacterial infection

Front 24

Where does absorption occur?

Back 24

Small intestine (3meters long with a lot of surface area)

Front 25

How long does the body takes to absorb nutrients?

Back 25

3-4 hrs

Front 26

What are the structure of the small intestine include?

Back 26

Villi
Microvilli
Goblet cells
Crypts glands

Front 27

What are villi?

Back 27

It covers the small intestine (folds). They are multicllular, facing the gastrointestinal tract's lumen.

Front 28

What are microvilli?

Back 28

It provides the absorptive surface that allow nutrients to pass into the cell to the body. Sometimes called the site of nutrient absorption. Covers villi.

Front 29

What are goblet cells?

Back 29

In between microvilli, secrete mucus.

Front 30

What are crypts glands?

Back 30

In between villi. It secrete intestinal juices.

Front 31

Name three ways absorption of nutrients into intentional cells occur?

Back 31

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport

Front 32

Describe simple diffusion.

Back 32

Nutrients (water small lipids) are absorb going with the concentration gradient.

Front 33

Describe facilitated diffusion.

Back 33

Nuritents ( water-soluble and vitamins) are absorbed with the help of a specific carrier to transport them from one side to another. The carrier is needed because it is against the concentration gradient.

Front 34

Describe active transport.

Back 34

Nutrients ( glucose and amino acids) are absorbed actively. That is using energy to go against the concentration gradient.

Front 35

What are the characteristic of absorption?

Back 35

Specialization
different portion of the GI tract absorb different nutrients. Nutrients that are more needed tends to be absorb early and digested early (saliva).

Preparation for transport
after the uptake by villus nutrients move to either the blood stream (water soluble nutrients carbs protein and vitamins) of lymphatic system, (fat and fat soluble vitamines)

Front 36

What is food combining?

Back 36

A diet that certain food in combination is better or worst but UNTRUE. The body absorb all nutrients in any meal.

truth : specific areas of absorption and certain foods may inhibit or enhance uptake.

Front 37

Which one is better:
iron supplement + vitamin c
iron supplement + calcium.
and why

Back 37

iron supplement + vitamin c is better because according food combination, this would enhance the uptake of iron

Front 38

What are arteries, and give some examples?

Back 38

It carries blood from heart to the tissue.

examples
aorta (heart to body)
pulmonary artery (heart to lung)
hepatic artery (heart to liver)

Front 39

What are viens, and give some examples?

Back 39

It carries blood to the heart.

examples:
pulmonary vein (lung to heart)
hepatic vein ( liver to heart)
hepatic portal vein (small intestine to liver to heart)

Front 40

What is the lymph vessels ?

Back 40

It carries fats from the small intestine to the heart to the rest of the body then liver.

Front 41

Which nutrients enters the blood stream?

Back 41

water, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals/ water soluble nutrients.

Front 42

Which nutrients enters the lymph vessels?

Back 42

Fats and fats -soluble nutrients.

Front 43

Give me the outline of how blood goes to heart to lungs to body back to heart.

Back 43

blood leaves the right side of the HEART to the LUNGS by the pulmonary artery.

blood gains oxygen and leaves co2 in the LUNGS and goes through the pulmonary vein back to the left side of the HEART

Blood leaves the HEART to the aorta.

The arota conducts the blood to the rest of the BODY by the arteries.

When it is at a certain body cell the blood goes through the artery then capillaries (where it exchange nutrients and O2-->co2) then veins.

the blood travels the veins back to the heart.

Front 44

Give me the outline of the blood goes to the digestive system to the liver back to the heart.

Back 44

The blood from the aorta goes to the digestive system by the artery or to the liver by hepatic artery.

The blood in the artery turn into capillaries (exchange oxygen, and gain water soluble nutrients and reabsorb water and salt by vesscles.

The vesicles are join together and exit the SMALL INTESTINE to the hepatic portal vein. The blood is off to the LIVER.

The LIVER use the blood and nutrients and as it exit the hepatic vein and returns to the HEART

Front 45

What is the importance of the liver?

Back 45

get water soluble nutrients frist

major metabolic organ (metabolize package store or ship to other organs)

detoxifies dangerous substance (by- products goes to excretion virus drugs toxin alchol)

prepare waste excretion

Front 46

What are the 3 main types of Gastrointestinal Bacteria?

Back 46

Commensal
Probiotics
Carried pathogen

Front 47

How many Gastrointestinal Bacteria species are found in our body now and as a baby?

Back 47

400, 0

Front 48

What is commensal bacteria?

Back 48

normal in healthy people. Carry out digestion in food that our body cannot do

Front 49

What are probiotics bacteria?

Back 49

found in food and dietary suppliments. Benefit to health because they compete with space with pathogens (overal especially the gi tract)

Front 50

What are carried pathogen?

Back 50

can weaken the body with certain condition (stress poor nurtient) not active.

Front 51

What are prebiotic?

Back 51

forms of fiber that humans cant diget but intestinal probiotic bacteria can. It can increase the number of bacteria. BUT fake? b/c dies in the pH of the stomach?

Front 52

What are the three main gastrointestinal hormones?

Back 52

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin.

Front 53

Define Gastrin.

Back 53

Responds to: food in the stomach

Secreted from: Stomach wall

Stimulates: Stomach gland

Response is : HCL acid/ gastric acid in the stomach ( homostatisis keep things consist stomach pH)

Note: food touch nerve receptor --> nerve stimulate gastric glands --> gastric glands secrete gastric acid --> gastric acid cause stomach muscle to contract

Front 54

Define Secretion.

Back 54

Responds: acidic chyme in the small intestine

secreted from: Duodenal wall

Stimulates: pancreas (distant organ)

Response is: bicarbonate rich jucies secreted into the small intestine

Front 55

Define Cholecystrokinin.

Back 55

Responds: Fat or protein in the small intestine

secreted from: intestinal walls

Stimulates: 1) gall bladder 2) pancreas

Response is : (1) gall bladder release bile to the duodenum (2) pancreas release pancreatic juices in the small intestine

Front 56

What do GI health require?

Back 56

blood flow
lymphatic system
healthy diet - imbalance of macro nutrients causes overworked GI tract
Indigestible fibers - for bacteria and keep muscle strongs.
energy and essential nutrients - to run everything