Chapter 1 - Overview Of Nutrition

Front 1

What is a nutrient?

Back 1

A nutrient is a food or substance that is use to obtain energy, synthesize tissue or regulate the physiological or physical function.

Front 2

What are the six classes of nutrients?

Back 2

Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), Protein, Water, Vitamins, Minerals.

Front 3

What is an essential nutrient?

Back 3

An essential nutrient is a nutrient that our body needs because it cannot be made inside our body.

Front 4

Which nutrient are inorganic and which are organic? Discuss the significance of the distinction.

Back 4

Inorganic: Minerals, Water
Organic: Carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins.
the difference is if they contain carbon.

Front 5

How is energy measure?

Back 5

The amount of heat require to raise the temperature of 1kg water 1 degree Celsius.

Front 6

Which nutrient yield energy, and how much energy do they yield per gram?

Back 6

Energy yielding nutrients: Carbohydrates (4), Protein (4), Fats (9)

Front 7

What is the most abundant nutrient in both the human body and most foods?

Back 7

Water (60% in humans)

Front 8

How much fat is found in our bodies? How much protein is found?

Back 8

Males: 17% fat... 23% protein.
Females: 27% fat.. 13% protein.

Front 9

What are the energy yielding nutrients ?

Back 9

- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Fat

Front 10

What are the non-energy yielding nutrients?

Back 10

- Water
- Vitamins
- Minerals

Front 11

What is the science of nutrition?

Back 11

- the study of nutrients and other substance in foods and the body handling of them

Front 12

What is quantitative research?

Back 12

Any research that is based on numerical data interpretation. It follows the scientific methods.

Front 13

What is qualitative research?

Back 13

Any research that is based on a narrative interpretation.

Front 14

Explain how variables might be correlated but not casual?

Back 14

correlation indicates an association between variables not cause. There could be multiple factors.

Front 15

Epidemiological research is...?

Back 15

use for finding the correlation of diet habits and distribution of disease incidence.

Front 16

Laboratory-Base Study is ...?

Back 16

use for finding the effect of specific variables on tissue cells or molecules. - Conducted in test tubes.

Front 17

Human intervention/ Clinical Trials is ...?

Back 17

involve human beings to follow a special regimen

Front 18

Pros/Cons of Epidemiological research...

Back 18

Pro: narrow down possible causes, and raise question to pursue through other types of studies

Cons:Cannot control variables that may influence the development of the prevention of disease and cannot prove cause and effect.

Front 19

Pros/Cons of Laboratory-Base Studies...

Back 19

Pro: can control condition and can determine effects of a variable

Cons: cannot apply results from test tubes or animals to human beings.

Front 20

Pros/Cons of Human intervention/ Clinical trials ...

Back 20

Pro: can control condition for the most part and can apply finding to some groups of human beings.

Cons: cannot generalize finding sto all human beings and cannot use certain treatment for clinical or ethical reasons.

Front 21

Caution Conclusion...?

Back 21

- must not over-interpret the data
- remember sample size and type of participant

Front 22

What is DRI?

Back 22

Dietary Reference Intakes
- a set of nutrients intake values used to plan and evaluate diets for healthy people

Front 23

Categories of dietary reference intakes are...

Back 23

EAR, RDA, AI, UL, EER, AMDR

Front 24

What is EAR?

Back 24

Estimated Average Requirement

- a daily average intake level of nutrient that will meet the needs of half of the people of a certain category.

Front 25

What is RDA?

Back 25

Recommended Dietary Allowance

- the average daily intake level require to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category

Front 26

What is the RDA of iron for humans, what is iron used for in the body and what are example of foods with iron?

Back 26

19-30 years old
Males: 8mg/day
Females: 18mg/day

Irons is for the blood (oxygen binding)

Food: red meat, peanut butter, grain?

Front 27

What is AI?

Back 27

Adequate Intake

the recommended average daily intake for level for a nutrient ( incase RDA is not available). This is based on observation and estimation from experiments.

Front 28

What is UL?

Back 28

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

the maxium intake that is safe for most people. This is important for people whom are taking dietary supplements because consuming too much can be toxic.

Front 29

What is EER?

Back 29

Estimated Energy Requirement

the average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance. Based on age, gender, weight, height, level of physical activity.

Front 30

What is AMDR?

Back 30

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

defines the proportion contribution by carbohydrates, fat and protein to a healthy diet.

Front 31

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range of carbohydrates is ...

Back 31

45-65%

Front 32

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range of fat is ...

Back 32

20-35%

Front 33

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range of protein is ...

Back 33

10-35%

Front 34

What judgement facts are involved in setting the energy and nutrient recommendations?

Back 34

- recommendation are based on average
- nutrients goal meant to be met by foods not supplement
- Dietary reference intake are average daily intake it is oki to take too much or too little.
- Estimated average requirement are for groups and Recommended dietary allowance and adequate intake are for individual people.

Front 35

What is energy density?

Back 35

the amount of energy in the food source relative to the mass.

Front 36

What is nutrient density?

Back 36

the amount of nutrient in a food source relative to its energy content

Front 37

Why do foods (1/2 avocado) claim to have less energy yield amount while doing the calculations would have a different number?

Back 37

- some carbohydrates are not digested by the body.

calcuation: EY= (grams x energy fats) + (grams x energy carbohydrates) + (grams x energy protein)

Front 38

What is nutrient imbalance?

Back 38

nutrient deficiency or excess leads to malnutrition.

Front 39

What is malnutrition and the symptoms?

Back 39

Mal nutrition is too much or too little of energy of nutrients. Some symptoms include diarrhea skin rash fatigue.

Front 40

What is overnutrition?

Back 40

too much energy of nutrient. Can lead to obesity, hearth disease and diabetes

Front 41

What is undernutrition?

Back 41

too little energy of nutrient. Can lead to weight loss, loss of muscle, and increase risk of infections.

Front 42

What are the four methods used to detect energy and nutrient deficiency or excess ?

Back 42

Historical Information
- on diet and health

Anthropometric Measurement
- such as height and weight

Physical Examination

Laboratory Test

Front 43

Stage in development of nutrient deficiency?

Back 43

Primary deficiency cause by inadequate data or secondary deficiency caused by problem inside the body (diet and health history)

Declining nutrient storage (subclincal) and abnormal function inside the body (laboratory test)

Physical signs and symptoms (Physical examination and Anthropometric measurement.

Front 44

What is the difference of acute deficiency and chronic disease?

Back 44

Acute deficiency - develops quickly, produces sharp symptoms, and runs a short course. Example: ricket and scurvy

Chronic disease- diseases characterized by a slow progression and long duration. Examples include heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Front 45

Why is this fake?
"The natural way to becoming a better you"

Back 45

Natural does not always mean better or safer. It can cause side effects.

Front 46

Why is this fake?
"Instant recovery,
back to your everyday schedule."

Back 46

Even proven treatments take time to be effective.

Front 47

Why is this fake?
"Guaranteed! OR your money back"

Back 47

Not all promises are kept.

Front 48

Why is this fake?
"Cures gout, ulcers, diabetes and cancer"

Back 48

No one product can possibly treat such a diverse array of conditions

Front 49

Why is this fake?
"Revolutionary product, based on ancient medicine"

Back 49

Such findings would be widely publicized and accepted by health professionals if it was ancient.

Front 50

Why is this fake?
"Money grabbing drug companies further corporate means"

Back 50

At least the drug company has scientific research proving the safety and effectiveness of its products.

Front 51

Why is this fake?
"My friends feel good as new!”

Back 51

Hearsay is the weakest form of evidence because everyone is different.

Front 52

Why is this fake?
Beats the hunger stimulation point (HSP)

Back 52

Phony terms hide the lack of scientific proof.