Chapter 3 Anatomy Of The Nervous System

Front 1

In divisions of the Nervous system, what is the Central Nervous System?

Back 1

Division of nervous system located within the skull and spine.

Front 2

In divisions of the Nervous system, what is the Peripheral Nervous System?

Back 2

Division of nervous system located outside the skull and spine.

Front 3

What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Back 3

Somatic nervous and Autonomic nervous system

Front 4

What are the two types of nerves that compose the somatic and nervous system?

Back 4

Afferent nerves (carry nerve signals towards central nervous system) and Efferent nerves (carry nerve signals away from CNS)

Front 5

In the autonomic nervous system, what are the two kinds of efferent nerves?

Back 5

(1)Sympathetic (motor nerves which project from lumbar and thoracic regions and (2)Parasympathetic (nerves project from brain and sacral regions)

Front 6

What are the 3 main functions of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems?

Back 6

(1)Sympathetic 'uses' energy while parasympathetic 'conserves' energy (2)Autonomic organs receive opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input (3)Sympathetic --> Arousal while Parasympathetic --> Relaxation

Front 7

What are cranial nerves?

Back 7

12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain (ie. optic, olfactory and vagus nerves)

Front 8

What are the 3 protective membranes of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)?

Back 8

(1)Dura mater (2)Arachnoid membrane (3)Pia mater

Front 9

How are cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Back 9

Produced by 'choroid plexuses' ---capillary networks that protrude into ventricles via the pia mater.

Front 10

What is the name of the condition in which there is a buildup of fluid in the ventricles?

Back 10

Hydrocephalus

Front 11

What is the name of the mechanism that protects our brain from toxic substances?

Back 11

Blood-brain barrier

Front 12

In major features of a neuron, what are the short processes emanating from cell body? they also receive the synaptic contacts?

Back 12

Dendrites

Front 13

In major features of a neuron, what are the long, narrow process that projects from the cell body?

Back 13

Axon

Front 14

In major features of a neuron, what is known as the metabolic centre of the neuron?

Back 14

Cell body or soma

Front 15

In major features of a neuron, what is known as the fatty insulation around many axons?

Back 15

Myelin

Front 16

In major features of a neuron, what is known as the gaps between sections of myelin?

Back 16

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 17

In major features of a neuron, what is known as the buttonline endings of axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses?

Back 17

Terminal buttons

Front 18

In classes of neurons, what are neurons with short axons or no axons at all called?
What are their functions?

Back 18

Interneurons --- integrate neural activity within a single brain structure.

Front 19

What are the clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system called?

Back 19

Nuclei

Front 20

What are the clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?

Back 20

Ganglia

Front 21

In the central nervous system, what are bundles of axons called?

Back 21

TRACTS

Front 22

In the peripheral nervous system, what are bundles of axons called?

Back 22

NERVES

Front 23

What is so special about Glial cells?

Back 23

Non-neuronal cells which provide support, maintain homeostasis, form myelin and participates in signal transmission in the nervous system.

Front 24

What are the 4 kinds of Glial cells according to Pinel?

Back 24

(1)Oligodendrocytes (2)Schwann cells (3)Astrocytes (4)Microglia

Front 25

In types of glial cells, which glial cell has the main function of axon insulation performed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Back 25

Oligodendrocytes

Front 26

In types of glial cells, which glial cell looks like a star and plays a role in passage of chemicals from blood to the CNS neurons?

Back 26

Astrocytes

Front 27

In types of glial cells, which glial cell mainly provides myelin insulation to axons in the peripheral nervous system?

Back 27

Schwann cells

Front 28

In types of glial cells, which glial cell is the first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS bu engulfing cellular debris?

Back 28

Microglia

Front 29

In types of stain, which stain completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue?

Back 29

Golgi stain

Front 30

In types of stain, which stain has an affinity for structures of neural cell bodies?

Back 30

Nissl stain

Front 31

What are the two types of neuroanatomical tracing techniques?

Back 31

(1)Anterograde (used to trace paths of axons away from cell bodies) (2)Retrograde (used to trace path of axons into a specific area)

Front 32

In directions of Vertebrate Nervous system, what means 'toward the nose end'?

Back 32

Anterior

Front 33

In directions of Vertebrate Nervous system, what means 'toward the tail end'?

Back 33

Posterior (aka rostral or caudal)

Front 34

In directions of Vertebrate Nervous system, what means 'toward the surface of the back' or 'top of the head'?

Back 34

Dorsal

Front 35

In directions of Vertebrate Nervous system, what means 'toward the surface of the chest' or 'bottom of the head'?

Back 35

Ventral

Front 36

In directions of Vertebrate Nervous system, what means 'toward the midline of the body'?

Back 36

Medial

Front 37

In directions of Vertebrate Nervous system, what means 'away from the midline toward the body's lateral surfaces'?

Back 37

Lateral

Front 38

In types of surgical sections, what the section cut down in the centre of the brain between the two hemispheres?

Back 38

Midsagittal section

Front 39

In types of surgical sections, what the section cut at a right angle to any long narrow structure?

Back 39

Cross section

Front 40

In Spinal Cord, which area are primarily composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons?

Back 40

Gray matter

Front 41

In Spinal Cord, which area are primarily composed of myelinated neurons?

Back 41

White matter