Chapter 28 Vocabulary

Front 1

the superpowers

Back 1

The United States and the Soviet Union, emerged after WWII

Front 2

Truman Doctrine

Back 2

(1947) Sparked by the events in Greece, President Truman's doctrine that stated it would provide money and military aid to countries who claimed they were threatened by Communist expansion.

Front 3

Marshall Plan

Back 3

(1947) The European Recovery Program, where the U.S. provided financial aid to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II, was hugely successful. The idea was to fight the spread of communism by fixing economic problems in Europe.

Front 4

"containment"

Back 4

A policy adopted by the U.S., its goal was to use whatever means to limit Soviet expansion and to prevent the spread of opposing ideas into other parts.

Front 5

denazification

Back 5

After WWII, the Allied policy of rooting out any traces of Nazism in German society by bringing prominent Nazis to trial for war crimes and getting rid of any known Nazis from political office. The Nazi party was made illegal.

Front 6

Berlin Blockade

Back 6

Soviet policy that meant the blocking of any land transport into West Berlin to stop movement of supplies, this was the first major event in the Cold War. Soviets wanted to control all of Berlin and stop the creation of West Germany

Front 7

Berlin Airlift

Back 7

When the U.S., France, and Great Britain flew supplies to Berlin during the Berlin Blockade.

Front 8

NATO

Back 8

(1949) A military alliance formed in which the countries who signed (U.S. and its allies, most of west and north Europe) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked, also known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Front 9

Warsaw Pact

Back 9

a military alliance, formed in 1955 in response to the creation of NATO, in which the Soviet Union and its satellite, communist states agreed to provide mutual assistance in the event of an attack.

Front 10

Korean War

Back 10

Korea was divided by the 38th parallel because of a difference of governmental views in the North and South. The North invaded the South in 1950, and the U.S. assisted the South while communist China and the USSR supported the North after General MacArthur pushed too far north.after two years of fighting, it was concluded with an armistice because the fighting failed to produce a conclusive victory.

Front 11

"missile gap"

Back 11

the term used in the United States for the perceived superiority of the number and power of the Soviet Union's missiles in comparison with the U.S.'s

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"massive retaliation"

Back 12

President Eisenhower's administration adopted this policy in response to the Korean war. It allowed for the full use of American nuclear bombs to counteract any Soviet attack in Europe.

Front 13

CENTO

Back 13

Known as the Central Treaty Organization, its members were Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain and the United States. the U.K. and U.S. meant to prevent the USSR from expanding southward by protecting these countries.

Front 14

SEATO

Back 14

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, its members were the United States, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.

Front 15

Nikita Khrushchev

Back 15

Successor to Stalin, announced an ultimatum to the West about removing their forces from West Berlin. Not popular in the Communist Party. Testicles quote guy. Had the Berlin Wall put up.

Front 16

Sputnik I

Back 16

A Soviet space satellite, the first of its kind.

Front 17

Berlin Wall

Back 17

The most recognizable symbol of divided Europe after WWII, it was built around West Berlin to cut off the flow of refugees to the West.

Front 18

Fidel Castro

Back 18

The left-wing revolutionary who overthrew the Cuban dictator Batista and established a Soviet-supported totalitarian regime

Front 19

Bay of Pigs

Back 19

(1961) America's failed attempt to invade Cuba through this location.

Front 20

the Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 20

USSR wanted to station nukes in Cuba, but the U.S. blockaded Cuba. In negotiations, Khrushchev agreed to turn the fleet back if the U.S. dropped plans to invade Cuba

Front 21

Ho Chi Minh

Back 21

leader of nationalistic regime in North Vietnam, supported by the USSR

Front 22

Vietnam War

Back 22

Americans sent troops to support the South Vietnamese against the communist, soviet supported North. A dragging war and increasing draft caused a strong anti-war movement among young people in the U.S.

Front 23

domino theory

Back 23

Cited as justification for American intervention in Vietnam, the belief that if the Communists succeeded in Vietnam, other countries in Southeast and East Asia would also fall to communism.

Front 24

dentente

Back 24

The term that described relaxation of tension in USSR/US relations that occurred in the 1970s after the Vietnam War displayed American fallibility.

Front 25

decolonization

Back 25

In most of the world's colonies between 1947 and 1962, a period of independence movements developing in colonies and freedom being granted to these new countries.

Front 26

uhuru

Back 26

Swahili for freedom, it was demanded by the Kikuyu people as part of the Mau Mau movement that used terrorism to attain its goals.

Front 27

African National Congress

Back 27

political activity by blacks in South Africa led to this in 1912formed as a group of intellectuals who wanted economic/political reform. After the arrest of their leader, Nelson Mandela, its members called for armed resistance to the white government

Front 28

apartheid

Back 28

The system of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa until the 1990s, which involved political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites

Front 29

PLO

Back 29

Palestine Liberation Organization formed by Egypt to represent the interests of Palestinians, (Arab inhabitants of modern Israel)the espoused the belief that only Palestinian peoples had the right to form a state in Palestine

Front 30

al-Fatah

Back 30

A guerrilla movement led by the PLO political leader Yasir Arafat, initiated terrorist attacks on Israeli territory

Front 31

Yasir Arafat

Back 31

PLO political leader that formed al-Fatah

Front 32

Six-Day War (1967)

Back 32

Israel launches a preemptive strike, decimates its enemies and triples its territory

Front 33

Indian National Congress

Back 33

The Hindu independence organization, the other being the Muslim League.

Front 34

Mahatmi Gandhi

Back 34

The leader of the Indian National Congress, he objected to the division of India

Front 35

"orgy of blood"

Back 35

Gandhi's prediction on the process of creating a divided India.

Front 36

Mao Zedong

Back 36

leader of Communist China whose long term goal of building a socialist society didn't work very well. His regime became increasingly oppressive

Front 37

Great Leap Forward

Back 37

(1958) Mao's radical program to expedite the arrival of a classless socialist society. existing collective farms were combined into vast "people's communes," each containing more than thirty thousand people it was a disaster

Front 38

the Great Prolitarian Cultural Revolution

Back 38

It lasted ten years, from 1966 to 1976, the Red Guard was set loose to destroy any evidence of the old way to force communism to come about.

Front 39

Stalinization

Back 39

Soviet Satellite states tried to imitate Stalinist policies starting in 1948, collectivizing agriculture and implementing tools of repression.

Front 40

Destalinization

Back 40

Khrushchev's policy regarding undoing some of the most repressive parts of Stalin's policies, like labor camps, intellectual freedom bans and reducing powers of the secret police

Front 41

Hungarian uprising (1956)

Back 41

(1956) Inspired by the Polish protests, Communists in Hungary desired reform and independence. Ended in ousting of soviets and election of Nagy as the new leader

Front 42

Alexander Dubchek

Back 42

elected First Secretary in Jan 1968. Successor to Novotny in Czechoslovakia, granted reform like freedom of speech and press, relaxation of secret police activity

Front 43

"Prague Spring"

Back 43

(1968) Period of euphoria following Dubchek's reforms

Front 44

Christian Democratic Parties

Back 44

Moderate political parties that experienced a comeback in the 50's. these parties were interested in democracy and economic reform.

Front 45

Charles de Gaulle

Back 45

formed the French Popular Movement, President of France in 1958,

Front 46

Fifth Republic

Back 46

formed by the new constitution drafted by de Gaulle, in it the powers of the president were increased to a near dictatorship.

Front 47

Konrad Adenauer

Back 47

Leader of CDU in west Germany, served as chancellor from 1949-1963. Known as the founding hero of the Federal Republic, associated with economic miracle.

Front 48

West Germany's "economic miracle"

Back 48

policies of new currency, free markets, low taxes, plus American financial aid that led to economic growth.

Front 49

Welfare state

Back 49

Forming in Great Britain, the Labour Gov't under Attlee passed reforms to allow for more social services

Front 50

European Coal and Steel Community

Back 50

(1951) France, West Germany and Benelux countries and italy formed a common market to foster trade growth

Front 51

ECSC

Back 51

European Coal and Steel community

Front 52

EEC or Common Market

Back 52

European Economic Community, formed by the same six countries as the ECSC, eliminated large free-trade area protected by common tariff. Encouraged cooperation

Front 53

The Great Society

Back 53

Creation of a welfare state first begun in the New Deal, programs for health care for the elderly, and a "war on poverty"

Front 54

Martin Luther King Jr.

Back 54

Baptist minister who became the leader of a movement for racial equality organizing non-violent demonstrations.

Front 55

"White backlash"

Back 55

Race riots breaking out from the more radical approaches to attaining civil rights and extremist radical black leaders led to this

Front 56

"consumer society"

Back 56

Shift from rural to urban areas accompanied by an increase in real wages which enable the working class to aspire to the consumption patterns of the middle class. New consumer products popular like televisions, refrigerators, cars.

Front 57

Consumerism

Back 57

Social order that encourages the attainment of goods and services

Front 58

Women's liberation movement

Back 58

Also called feminism, Women increasingly protesting that political and legal equality had not brought true equality with men

Front 59

Simone de Beauvoir

Back 59

A teacher turned novelist who was involved in the existentialist movement which brought her to political work. Wrote the book "The Second Sex" which stated that women had been defined by their differences from men.

Front 60

Betty Friedan

Back 60

A journalist and mother of three, published "The Feminine Mystique" which analyzed the middle class woman of the 50's, founded National Organization for Women

Front 61

Permissive society

Back 61

A critical term labeling the society following WWII and the Cold War that had its morals relaxed from the rigid code of the 1800's

Front 62

Playboy

Back 62

emerged in the 50's, adding a new dimension to the sexual revolution for men. A magazine that had a message of sexual gratification being able to be found outside of marriage

Front 63

Birth control pill

Back 63

wide spread use by the 1960's of this product gave more freedom in sexual behavior, a reliable contraceptive

Front 64

Jackson Pollock

Back 64

Abstract Expressionist painter who became famous for works like Lavender Mist. Employed swirling form and chaotic patterns

Front 65

Abstract expressionism

Back 65

This style of art was synonymous with the New York art scene

Front 66

Andy Warhol

Back 66

A famous artist of the Pop Art movement, the Soup can fella. Began as an advertising illustrator.

Front 67

Pop art

Back 67

Images of pop culture taken and used in creating fine art

Front 68

Samuel Beckett

Back 68

Irish playwright who lived in France, a strong proponent of "theater of the absurd"

Front 69

Waiting for Godot

Back 69

Beckett's play with unrealistic action on stage, "what is happening now?"

Front 70

Existentialism

Back 70

This philosophy reflected the sense of meaninglessness caused by two world wars.

Front 71

Jean Paul Sartre

Back 71

French existentialist philosopher, believed in the death of god meaning that humans had no destiny

Front 72

Albert Camus

Back 72

...French existentialist philosopher, who called the world absurd and without meaning, humans' only source of hope could be themselves.

Front 73

Pope John XXIII

Back 73

A charismatic pope who only reigned from 1958-1963. Sparked a revival of Catholicism by summoning the 21st ecumenical counciil

Front 74

Ingmar Bergman

Back 74

Swedish Director of "the Seventh Seal"

Front 75

Francois Truffaut

Back 75

French Director who experimented with subject matter more complex than Hollywood would attempt

Front 76

Federico Fellini

Back 76

Italian Director who experimented with subject matter more complex than Hollywood would attempt

Front 77

Elvis Presley

Back 77

Folkabilly musician who mixed R and B with Rock and roll

Front 78

The Beatles

Back 78

British rock and roll group

Front 79

"peace and love"

Back 79

Slogan used by hippies