Apec Chapter 21

Front 1

Congress of Vienna

Back 1

The Quadruple Alliance created this conference after Napoleon's fall to restore territory all throughout Europe.

Front 2

Klemens von Metternich

Back 2

This Austrian prince dominated international relations in Europe from the Congress of Vienna until 1848 and was influenced by the principles of legitimacy and intervention.

Front 3

“legitimacy”

Back 3

This principle advocated restoring the "rightful" monarchs on the thrones of Europe who would preserve traditional institutions

Front 4

Edmund Burke and conservatism

Back 4

This "father" of conservatism wrote the influential "Reflections on the Revolution in France."

Front 5

Joseph de Maistre

Back 5

A French lawyer and politician who favored the idea of restoring a hereditary monarchy despite the efforts at destroying during the French Revolution.

Front 6

conservatism

Back 6

An ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted abrupt change.

Front 7

the “Concert of Europe”

Back 7

The phrase referring to the period of time following Napoleon's defeat, in which the five major powers of Europe agreed to periodically meet to discuss their interests and ensure the maintenance of peace in Europe.

Front 8

the Congress System

Back 8

A group that was formed to prevent future revolts and consisted of the great five countries: Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France.

Front 9

Latin American revolts

Back 9

Revolts in the Americas in Latin areas due to a lack of control on the Latin government's fault.

Front 10

Monroe Doctrine

Back 10

A U.S. policy which limited any further European territorial expansion in the western hemisphere.

Front 11

Greek Revolt

Back 11

Up until 1830, it was the only successful revolution in Europe. It involved the Greeks fighting against the Ottoman rulers, and many European forces fought against the Ottoman rulers.

Front 12

Tories

Back 12

A political group which tended to be more conservatist. They emphasized the Corn Laws to counteract falling agricultural prices.

Front 13

Corn Laws of 1815

Back 13

A series of events during 1815 which implied a high tax on grain. This was received critically and a revolt followed the implication of such taxes.

Front 14

the Peterloo Massacre

Back 14

What started out as a working-class revolution and ended up with eleven deaths. The working-class was tired of unfair wages and conditions, and attempted to force better conditions from the owners. This proved itself as a failure when the government attacked the revolting group of workers.

Front 15

Louis XVIII

Back 15

A French monarch who was the first to be restored on the French royal seat after the fall of Napoleon.

Front 16

Carbonari

Back 16

A secret Italian society that was motivated by nationalistic dreams of a unified Italy.

Front 17

the Germanic Confederation

Back 17

The remainder of the Holy Roman Empire; the fall of the HRE was mainly due to a lack of government and authority.

Front 18

Burschenschaften

Back 18

Student societies in German states dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany. Their motto was "Honor, Liberty, Fatherland."

Front 19

the Decembrist Revolt

Back 19

A revolt by corrupted Russian troops who wished to prevent Nicholas I from taking the title of tsar after the tsar at the time, Alexander I, died.

Front 20

Tsar Nicholas I

Back 20

He became Tsar of Russia following the death of Alexander I in 1825, crushing the Decembrist Revolt.

Front 21

classical economics

Back 21

The idea that the government should not interfere with the economy, but should rather the defense of country, police protection of public, and construction and maintenance of public works to expensive for individuals to undertake.

Front 22

Thomas Malthus

Back 22

This economist proposed the idea that while populations grow geometrically (by multiplication); food supplies only grow arithmetically (by addition). As a result, there will ALWAYS be poverty and hunger.

Front 23

David Ricardo’s “iron law of wages”

Back 23

This economist wrote "The Iron Law of Wages," which promoted the argument that employers should pay only subsistence wages in order to avoid a glut of workers, resulting in high unemployment.

Front 24

John Stuart Mill

Back 24

This important proponent of liberalism in the 19th century also favored equal political rights for women.

Front 25

On the Subjection of Women

Back 25

Authored by John Stuart Mill, this document attempted to liberate women of the slave-like roles and allow them to live a life as an individual.

Front 26

utopian socialism

Back 26

Socialists who believed in an ideal society, and disfavored the idea of capitalism.

Front 27

Charles Fourier’s phalansteries

Back 27

A communal building which held over a thousand people at once, it was used to intermingle the social classes of Europe's agricultural class.

Front 28

Robert Owen’s New Lanark

Back 28

A very successful factory by Robert Owen. Owen proved that the better conditions in the factory, the better the profits and employee satisfaction.

Front 29

Flora Tristan

Back 29

A female French socialist writer, she collected data of social conditions and recorded the worker's idea of utopias.

Front 30

France’s July Revolution of 1830

Back 30

The reaction of the people of France to the attempt by ultra-royalists under Charles X to restore the old regime as far as possible.

Front 31

Reform Act of 1832

Back 31

This 1832 law passed in Parliament increased the number of male voters in Britain, which was one key reason Britain avoided a revolution in mid-century.

Front 32

Revolutions of 1848

Back 32

Also known as the Year of Revolution, revolts of the citizens that were unsuccessful but proved to be violent nonetheless.

Front 33

France’s Second Republic

Back 33

The republican government of France from 1848 until the coup of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Front 34

Frankfurt Assembly

Back 34

This German parliament had met to prepare the German people for unification; it failed when it had no way of compelling German territorial rulers to accept the constitution they had drawn up.

Front 35

Louis Kossuth

Back 35

A Hungarian lawyer who was a nationalist. Eventually named the dictator of Hungary.

Front 36

Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy

Back 36

This nationalist's "Young Italy" group led the Italian Risorgimento in the early 19th century.

Front 37

Jacksonian Democracy

Back 37

A pro-white citizen form of government.

Front 38

“bobbies”

Back 38

Members of London's police force. Generally viewed as the world's first municipal (city) police force, they were known by this nickname, taken from the name of their founder: Robert Peel.

Front 39

Schutzmannschaft

Back 39

Local voluntary troops

Front 40

London Mechanics’ Institute

Back 40

A college developed by George Birkbeck which was unpopular at first.

Front 41

Romanticism

Back 41

Intellectual movement which emerged at the end of the 18th century and challenged the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason in discovering the truth; instead, this movement championed emotion, sentiment, and the inner world.

Front 42

Goethe

Back 42

A German writer who wrote a novel titled The Sorrows of the Young Werther, which contained a tragic figure who was an important model for Romantics. This German writer later came to reject Romanticism in favor of Classicism.

Front 43

brothers Grimm

Back 43

These brothers spent years collecting, and eventually publishing, local German fairy tales, like "Hansel & Gretel."

Front 44

Sir Walter Scott

Back 44

The author of Ivanhoe, he was one of the best selling authors of Europe during the first half of the 19th century.

Front 45

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Back 45

One of the greatest novels of the Romantic era, this "horror" was written by 18 year-old Mary Shelly, and told the story of a mad scientist and his humanlike creation.

Front 46

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Back 46

This Romantic poet was a friend of Lord Byron, the husband of the author of "Frankenstein," and was himself the author of "Prometheus Unbound."

Front 47

Lord Byron

Back 47

This man dramatized himself as the melancholy Romantic hero that he had described in his work, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He participated in the movement for Greek independence and died in Greece fighting the Ottomans.

Front 48

William Wordsworth

Back 48

Lover of nature, one of the most important characteristics of Romanticism, is especially evident in his works. The worship of nature led people to criticize the eighteenth century science, which, they believed, had reduced nature to a cold object of study.

Front 49

Caspar David Friedrich

Back 49

A very famous Romantic painter who depicted nature overpowering man.

Front 50

J.M.W. Turner

Back 50

Englishman who dwelled on nature and landscaped a lot. He produced over 20,000 paintings, drawings, and watercolors. He did not idealize nature or reproduce it with realistic accuracy. He tried to convey its moods by using light and color to suggest natural effects. He paved the way for the Impressionist painters of the last half of the nineteenth century.

Front 51

Eugene Delacroix

Back 51

His painting "Liberty Leading the People" was a monument to the French Revolution of 1830.

Front 52

Ludwig von Beethoven and Hector Berlioz

Back 52

His music served as a bridge between the classical and the romantic styles.

Front 53

Chateaubriand’s Genius of Christianity

Back 53

Published in 1802, was soon labeled the “Bible of Romanticism.”

Front 54

Nationalism

Back 54

This ideology arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that had common institutions, traditions, language, and customs

Front 55

Quadruple Alliance

Back 55

Group consisting of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. These countries banded together in 1815 to enforce the conservative programs of the Congress of Vienna.

Front 56

Suffrage

Back 56

The technical term for right to vote

Front 57

Balance of Power

Back 57

System ensuring that no one country could dominate Europe.

Front 58

Ideology

Back 58

Any political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism.

Front 59

Socialism

Back 59

Its early "utopian" practitioners included Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen.

Front 60

Individualism

Back 60

An important characteristic of Romanticism, it was an emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person.

Front 61

Karlsbad

Back 61

These 1819 decrees, issued in response to student violence, closed the Burschenschaften, allowed for press censorship, and place universities under close government control.

Front 62

Intervention

Back 62

This principle was based on the "right" of the great powers to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore "legitimate" monarchs to their thrones.

Front 63

Liberalism

Back 63

An ideology founded on the basic notion that people should be as free from restraint as possible; that change is good.

Front 64

Louis Philippe

Back 64

He became king of France in 1830, and was known as the bourgeois monarch because political support for his rule came from the upper-middle class. He ruled until 1848.

Front 65

The Whigs

Back 65

Tories and __?__ dominated Parliament in the early 19th century.

Front 66

June Days

Back 66

The name of the bloody worker's revolt inspired by closing of the workshops in France in 1848.

Front 67

Year of the Revolutions

Back 67

1848 is known in European history as "The Year of the _________."

Front 68

Self-Determination

Back 68

The right of determining one's own government and political future.

Front 69

Reactionary

Back 69

Another name for an ultraconservative

Front 70

Whigs

Back 70

A political group which involved themselves mostly in the field of industrialization, these members favored changes.