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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Margaret Cavendish
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A Female English philosopher of science who was a good example of aristocratic women that became scientists in England and France; strongly opposed animal testing.
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Andreas Vesalius
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A Flemish doctor known for his "hands-on" approach to anatomy, considered the founder of the modern human anatomy, and author of On the Workings of the Human Body.
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Galileo Galilei
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Considered the greatest mathematician and scientist of the first half of the 17th century; an Italian that revolutionized astronomy and physics, creating the field of mechanics; later condemned and imprisoned by the Catholic Church. The "father of science".
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Isaac Newton
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English mathematician and scientist who showed that all objects in the universe obey the same laws of motion; described the Universal Law of Gravitation and the three laws of motion. Credited for founding calculus along with another mathematician.
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natural philosophers
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A name given to medieval scientists; it points to their preoccupation with logical analysis as opposed to systematic observation and experimentation
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Galen
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A Greek physician who lived in the 2nd century A.D. whose medical ideas reigned until the late medieval period.
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Johannes Kepler
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Known for his idea of elliptical orbits of the planets, this astronomer discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion that both confirmed and modified the Copernican theory
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Querelles des femmes
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This "argument about women" reaffirmed traditional ideas about women's inferiority to the men during the Scientific Revolution.
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Maria Winkelmann
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A famous female German astronomer who discovered a comet, but was denied professional advancement and entrance into Berlin Academy due to gender.
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Deductive
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A method that proceeds from specific and moves to the general, championed by empiricists like Bacon
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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A Polish astronomer who set forth his heliocentric theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres which he published in 1543.
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Robert Boyle
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An English chemist who developed the gas law which stated that the volume of a gas varies in proportion to the pressure exerted on it.
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René Descartes
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A famous rationalist argued in his Discourse on Method that knowledge is obtained through logical thinking and deductive reasoning.
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Cosmology
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A branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of the universe; a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe
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Francis Bacon
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An English politician and writer who invented the "scientific method" and was considered the catalyst to the Scientific Revolution
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Heliocentric
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A theory that stated the sun is at the center of the universe
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Geocentric
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A theory that stated the Earth is at the center of the universe
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"Cogito, ergo sum"
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Descartes' philosophical statement which became a foundational element of Western philosophy which when translated meant, "I think, therefore I am".
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Paracelsus
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A "homicide Physician" who diagnosed diseases and treated diseases with the right amounts of the disease to cure itself. Practiced "like cures like".
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Principia
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Newton's book that explained his laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation
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Inertia
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A resistance to change; according to this law, an object at rest will remain at rest unless a force causes it to move
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Pantheism
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The belief that equates God with the universe and all that is in it; "God is [in] everything"
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Alchemy
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A medieval chemical "science" that aimed to transmute lead into gold, discover a universal cure for disease, and discover means of indefinitely prolonging life.
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Tycho Brahe
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A Danish nobleman who built the elaborate Uraniborg castle and compiled the positions of the stars and planets for twenty years. Worked to determine the validity of the Ptolemaic and Copernican in describing the heavens.
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Blaise Pascal
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A French philosopher who invented the calculator and work with probability; best known for his Pensées, in which he tried to reconcile the new science and Christianity
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Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)
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An ancient Roman mathematician and astronomer who believed in the idea of a geocentric universe. He contributed significantly to the field of optics.
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Aristotle
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One of the important founders of Western philosophy, he contributed to a broad amount of fields such as anatomy, astrology, and physics.
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the Empyrean Heaven
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The highest heaven where God and the blessed reside.
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epicycle
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In the Ptolemaic system, planets in the universe moved in small circles called a/an ____
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On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
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Copernicus' book on the heliocentric theory.
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Kepler's "music of the spheres"
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Kepler's idea that celestial bodies moved in a harmonic, non-audible fashion.
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Three laws of planetary motion (Newton's laws of motion)
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Three laws that were proposed along with Newton's law of universal gravitation.
"A particle will stay at rest or continue at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external unbalanced net force." "F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration." "Every action has an equal and opposite reaction." |
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The Starry Messenger
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Galileo's publications of his early observations of the Moon, the stars, and the moons of Jupiter with the use of his telescope.
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Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
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Galileo's book which compared the Copernican system to the Ptolemaic system. This book caused Galileo to be suspected of heresy during the Inquisition, and was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books.
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the Inquisition
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A Catholic legal procedure which prosecuted anybody who was an alleged heretic.
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Universal Law of Gravitation
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Newton's law which described the gravitational attraction between bodies with mass.
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On the Fabric of the Human Body
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Vesalius' textbook on the human anatomy which portrayed his dissections. He was able to prove many of Galen's ideas wrong in this book.
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William Harvey
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An English doctor best known for his discovery of the circulation of blood through the body by the pumping of the heart
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Antoine Lavoisier
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Considered the father of modern chemistry, this man introduced the metric system, named the element oxygen and hydrogen, and stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass. Beheaded during the French Revolution.
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Maria Sibylla Merian
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A female scientist who studied insects and plants, and made detailed paintings about them. She was famous for her documentation of the butterfly in metamorphosis.
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Discourse on Method
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Descartes' famous philosophical and mathematical treatise which stated "Cogito ergo sum".
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Inductive
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the process of reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed to support the conclusion but do not entail it
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Scientific Method
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A method used to formulate and test hypotheses. Invented by Francis Bacon.
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Empiricism
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A philosophical idea which stated that human observation, experimentation, and experience were the chief sources of knowledge
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Benedict de Spinoza
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Considered one of the greatest philosopher of the 17th century, this philosopher opposed Descartes' ideas of mind-body dualism. He supported pantheism and earned his living in Amsterdam by grinding optical lenses.
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Pensées
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Pascal's ideas which represented to protect the Christian religion.
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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Known as "the Father of Microbiology", this man improved microscopes resulting in improved microbiological studies.
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Rationalism
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The belief that human reason is, and should be, the chief source of human knowledge
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