Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Urinary system consists of... |
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
|
Kidney function regarding blood regulation |
Regulating Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ and HPO3- |
|
Kidney function regarding clood pH |
regulating H+ and HC03- |
|
Kidney function regarding blood volume |
regulating H20 |
|
Kidney function regarding blood pressure |
secretes renin (activates a pathway that increases blood pressure) |
|
Kidney function regarding blood osmolarity |
By regulating water and solute loss in urine |
|
Kidney function regarding blood glucose |
By gluconeogenesis and glucose reabsorption |
|
Kidney function regarding hormones |
Calcitrol and erythropoietin |
|
Kidney function regarding excretion |
excrete wastes and foreign substances |
|
Indented area of the kidney |
Hilum |
|
What enters and exits from the hilum of the kidney |
renal artery and vein, ureter, nerves, and lymphatics |
|
External layers of kidney |
Renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia |
|
Renal capsule characteristics |
Inner layer
Dense irregular connective tissue helps maintain shape
Continuous with ureter |
|
Adipose capsule characteristics |
Middle layer Protects and anchors |
|
Renal fascia characteristics |
Outer layer Dense irregular connective tissue Protects and anchors to other structures |
|
Internal layers of kidneys |
Renal cortex and renal medulla |
|
Outer internal layer of kidney |
Renal cortex |
|
Renal medulla contains what two regions? |
Renal pyramids and renal columns |
|
Renal pyramids function |
Secreting apparatus and tubules |
|
Renal columns anatomy |
Medullary extension of the renal cortex |
|
The nephron is the ___ ___ of the kidney |
Functional unit |
|
Each nephron consists of ___ and ____. |
Tubules and capillaries |
|
Renal cortex and renal medulla are the ____ of the kidney which consists of ___. |
Parenchyma (functional unit) Nephrons |
|
Urine passes through ducts called ____ ducts which exit the ____ at the papillae. |
Papillary Pyramid |
|
Where do papillary ducts empty urine? |
Into minor then major calyces |
|
Calyces pass urine where? |
Ureters |
|
Where do the ureters transport urine? |
From the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder |
|
How does urine move from the ureters to the urinary bladder? |
Hydrostatic pressure, gravity, and peristaltic waves by the muscularis layer |
|
How is urine backflow into the ureters prevented? |
When the bladder fills it compresses the opening |
|
Inner layer mucosa of the ureters contain what kinds of cells? |
mucous cells |
|
What is the function of mucus in ureter |
Protects ureters from urine |
|
Capacity of the urinary bladder? |
400-800 mL |
|
In the floor of the urinary bladder, what is triangular area called? |
Trigone |
|
2 superior corners of the trigone |
Openings for ureters |
|
Anterior corner of the trigone |
Internal urethral orifice |
|
Mucosa of urinary bladder makeup? |
Lined with transitional epithelium surrounded by lamina propria |
|
The mucosa of the urinary bladder is folded into ___ which increases the stretching capacity of the urinary bladder. |
Rugae |
|
Smooth muscle name surrounding the mucosa |
Detrusor muscle |
|
Around the opening to the urethra, circular smooth muscle forms the ___ ___ ____. |
Internal urethral sphincter |
|
External urethral sphincter consists of what kind of muscle? |
Skeletal muscle |
|
Micturition |
Urination |
|
When volume in the bladder is 200-200 mL, ____ ____ are stimulated. |
Stretch receptors |
|
Micturition reflex |
Parasympathetic impulses propagate to the urinary bladder wall and the internal urethral sphincter. This causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter |
|
Urethra carries urine from the ___ to the exterior of the body. |
Internal urethral orifice |
|
3 portions of the urethra in males |
Prostatic Intermediate Spongy |
|
In females, where is the external urethral orifice located? |
Anterior to vagina |
|
In females, the urethral wall consists of what? |
Deep mucosa and superficial muscularis |
|
Kidneys receive how much of resting cardiac output? |
20-25% |
|
The renal artery branches several times to become what? |
Cortical radiate arteries |
|
Cortical radiate arteries in the kidney branch to what? |
afferent arterioles |
|
Each afferent arteriole supplies what? |
One nephron |
|
What does each afferent arteriole in the kidney become? |
A ball shaped capillary network called the glomerulus |
|
What does the glomerulus exit as? |
the efferent arteriole |
|
What do efferent arterioles in the kidney divide into? |
peritubular capillaries |
|
Loop shaped capillaries extending from some efferent arterioles in the kidney |
Vasa recta |
|
Vasa recta and peritubular capillaries enter where? |
Cortical radiate veins |
|
Cortical radiate veins unite to form larger veins which eventually become what? |
Renal veins that leave the kidney |
|
Where do many renal nerves originate? |
In the renal ganglion |
|
Where do many renal nerves pass through? |
Renal plexus |
|
Renal nerves primarily carry ____ outflow. Most are ___ nerves that regulate ___ flow through the kidneys. |
Sympathetic Vasomotor Blood |
|
Two parts of the renal corpuscle |
Glomerulus and the nephron |
|
Mesangial cells |
Smooth muscle and phagocytic cells |
|
Where are mesengial cells found? |
Around the glomerulus |
|
The glomerulus is a mass of capillaries fed by ____ arteriole and drains into the ____ arteriole. |
Afferent Efferent |
|
Functional unit of the kidney? |
Nephron
|
|
Renal corpuscle function |
Filters blood plasma |
|
Renal tubule function |
Modifies the filtrate |
|
Glomerular capsule |
Double walled epithelial cup surrounding the capillaries |
|
Parietal layer of glomerular capsule made up of what cells? |
Simple squamous epithelium |
|
Visceral layer of glomerular capsule made up of what cells? |
Podocytes and projections that wrap around the capillaries |
|
Space between the visceral and parietal layer which contains fluid filtered from the glomerulus |
Capsular space |
|
Glomerular endothelial cells have ___, making them leaky. |
pores |
|
After fluids and solutes from blood pass through glomerular endothelial cells where does it go next? |
Basal lamina |
|
Basal lamina of the kidney |
non-cellular material prevents filtration of large proteins |
|
From basal lamina, where do fluid and solutes from blood go next? |
to Pedicels |
|
Pedicels of the kidneys |
filtration slits between projections on podocytes. |
|
Pedicels of the kidney prevent what? |
filtration of medium sized proteins into the glomerular space |
|
Blood from the glomerulus is ____. |
filtered |
|
Filtrate moves from the glomerular capsule to the ___ ___. |
Renal tubule |
|
3 main sections of renal tubule |
Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule |
|
Where does filtrate enter the kidney first? |
Proximal convoluted tubule |
|
From the proximal convoluted tubule where does it go next? |
Nephron loop |
|
2 sections of nephron loop? |
Descending limb of the loop of the nephron Ascending limb of the loop of the nephron |
|
The ascending limb of the loop of the nephron is divided into what 2 parts? |
Thin and thick ascending limb |
|
What does the final portion of thick ascending loop of the nephron make contact with? |
Afferent arteriole |
|
What forms the macula densa?
|
Tightly packed tubular cells |
|
Along the macula densa, the afferent arteriole has muscle cells called ____. |
Juxtaglomerular cells |
|
Juxtaglomerular apparatus makeup. What can it release? |
Juxtaglomerular cells + macula densa Can release nitric oxide |
|
Function of nitric oxide (released by juxtaglomerular apparatus) |
Along with ANS, helps regulate blood pressure |
|
From the nephron loop filtrate enters what? |
Distal convoluted tubule |
|
From the distal convoluted tubule where does filtrate go? |
The collecting duct (final portion of the nephron) |
|
Distal portion of the collecting duct |
Papillary duct |
|
The papillary ducts delivers urine where? |
Into the minor calyces |
|
What 2 cells are present in the distal portion of the DCT and continuing into the collecting duct? |
Principal cells and intercalated cells |
|
Principal cells in the distal portion of the DCT and collecting duct function |
Receptors for ADH and aldosterone |
|
Intercalated cells in the distal portion of the DCT and collecting duct function |
Help regulate blood pH |
|
2 kinds of nephrons |
Cortical and juxtamedullary |
|
Cortical nephrons anatomy |
Short loops of the nephron extend only into outer region of medulla |
|
Cortical nephrons function |
create urine with osmolarity similar to blood |
|
Juxtamedullary nephrons anatomy |
Renal corpuscles deep in cortex with long nephron loops |
|
Juxtamedullary nephrons receive blood from where? |
Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
|
Juxtamedullary nephrons function |
Enable kidney to secrete concentrated urine |
|
3 processes for urine formation |
glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion |
|
glomerular filtration + secretion - absorption = ? |
Excretion of a solute |
|
Glomerular filtration |
Water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the glomerular capillaries where they are filtered and move into the glomerular capsule |
|
Filtration depends on 3 ____ |
pressures |
|
3 major pressures filtration depends on |
Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP) Opposed by: Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) |
|
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure |
Forces water and solutes in blood through the filtration membrane |
|
CHP and BCOP due mainly to what? |
Proteins in plasma |
|
Net filtration pressure |
Total pressure that promotes filtration NFP = GBHP-CHP-BCOP |
|
Glomerular filtration rate |
Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute |
|
How many liters of fluid pas into the glomerular capsules every day? |
150-180 liters |
|
GFR too high |
Substances pass too quickly and are not reabsorbed back into blood |
|
GFR too low |
Nearly all reabsorbed and some waste products not adequately excreted |
|
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) controlled by what three regulations? |
Renal autoregulation Neural regulation Hormonal regulation |
|
2 mechanisms of GFR autoregulation |
Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback |
|
Renal autoregulation maintains GFR despite changing ____ ____. |
Blood pressure |
|
Myogenic mechanism for renal autoregulation |
Smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles contract in response to elevated blood pressure and relax in response to lowered BP |
|
Tubuloglomerular feedback for renal autoregulation |
High GFR diminishes reabsorption. Less time to reabsorb Na+, Cl-, and H2O Macula densa detects and inhibits release of nitric oxide by JGA. Afferent arterioles constrict |
|
Neural regulation of GFR |
Sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine which constricts arterioles |
|
Moderate Neural regulation of GFR |
Afferent and efferent arterioles constrict - GFR drops slightly |
|
Strong Neural regulation of GFR |
Exercise of hemorrhage Greater constriction of afferent arterioles Urine output is reduced, and more blood is available for other organs |
|
Hormonal regulation of GFR - Angiotensin II |
constricts afferent and efferent arteriole, decreasing GFR |
|
Hormonal regulation of GFR - Atrial natriuretic peptide. Function and why is it secreted? |
Relaxes mesangial cells, increasing capillary surface area and GFR Secreted in response to stretch of the cardiac atria |
|
Tubular reabsorption definition |
movement of substances in filtrate back into the blood (mainly what we want to keep) |
|
Where is most filtrate reabsorbed? |
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
|
Filtrate passes from lumen through ___ ____ (linked by tight junctions). |
Lumen tubular cells |
|
After filtrate passes from lumen through tubular cells it goes to ___ ___ then to ____. |
Interstitial fluid Capillaries |
|
Secretion in kidneys definition |
movement of substances in blood into the filtrate/urine (what we want to get rid of) |
|
What if the function of secretion in the kidneys? |
Manage pH Rid the body of toxic and foreign substances |
|
2 routes of reabsorption |
Paracellular reabsorption Transcellular reabsorption |
|
Paracellular reabsorption definition. Example? |
Passive fluid leakage between cells Tight junctions in the proximal convoluted tubule are leaky |
|
Transcellular reabsorption path |
From apical lumen across the entire tubular cell and through the basolateral membrane to interstitial fluid |
|
Transport mechanisms may be ___ or ___. |
passive or active |
|
Passive transport does not require ___. Type of transport? |
ATP Diffusion driven by chemical or electrical gradient |
|
Primary and secondary active transport requires breakdown of ____. |
2 ATP |
|
Where is energy derived from in order to pump a substance across a membrane? |
Hydrolysis |
|
Secondary active transport driven by what? |
ion's electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport |
|
Symporters move 2 or more substances in the ____ direction. |
Same |
|
Antiporters move 2 or more substances in the ____ direction. |
Opposite |
|
Where does obligatory water reabsorption occur? |
PCT and descending limb of the loop of the neprhon |
|
What regulates facultative water reabsorption? Where does it occur? |
ADH regulates it Occurs in the end of DCT and collecting duct |
|
Most reabsorption occurs in which tubule? |
PCT |
|
What brings Na+ and glucose into tubular cells? |
Na+-Glucose symporters Glucose diffuses to basolateral membrane where it exits by facilitated diffusion |
|
Na+/K+/ATPase in the basolateral membrane pumps ____ into the _____ then to _____. |
Na+ into the interstitial fluid then to blood |
|
What transports Na+ into the tubule cells and H+ out of the tubule cell? |
Na+-H+ antiporters in PCT |
|
Most HCO3- in filtered fluid is ____ |
reabsorbed |
|
CO2 diffues into ___ ____. |
tubule cells |
|
HCO3- leaves the basolateral membrane by ___ ___ and enters blood with Na+ |
facilitated diffusion |
|
What greatly increases water movement in the PCT and descending limp of the loop of the nephron? |
many membrane H20 channels of Aquaporin 1 |
|
How does the concentration of filtered solutes increase in tubular fluid? |
Water leaves |
|
In the second half of PCT what promotes passive diffusion into the peritubular capillaries? |
electrochemical gradients |
|
What converts most ammonia to urea? |
Hepatocytes |
|
Where are both ammonia and urea secreted? |
PCT |
|
How much water is reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of the nephron? Ascending limb? |
Descending-15% Ascending- little to none |
|
What stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+? |
Parathyroid hormone |
|
RAA pathway stimulated by what? |
Na+ deficiency, dehydration, hemorrhage, decreased blood volume decreases BP
|
|
How does low BP stimulate the RAA pathway? |
Decreases stretch in afferent arterioles causing juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin. |
|
Renin is an enzyme that causes what conversion? |
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 |
|
What converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2? |
ACE (secreted by lungs and kidneys) |
|
Angiotensin 2 main actions? |
decreases GFR by vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles stimulates activity of Na+/H+ antiporters resulting in reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and water in PCT stimulates adrenal cortes to release aldosterone- causes principal cells in collecting duct to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- (water follows) |
|
What releases ADH or vasopressin? In response to what? |
Posterior pituitary Response to high osmolarity in hypothalamus |
|
ADH stimulates the insertion of water channel protein ____ in the apical membrane of ___ cells in DCT and collecting duct. What does this cause? What kind of feedback regulates this? |
aquaporin-2 principle Causes increasing reabsorption of water |
|
ADH stimulates the insertion of water channel protein aquaporin-2 in the apical membrane of principle cells in DCT and collecting duct. What does this cause? What kind of feedback regulates this? |
Causes increasing reabsorption of water Negative feedback |