Chapter 24 - Antimicrobial Drugs

Front 1

kills gram-positive bacteria such as staph and strep

Back 1

Penicillin

Front 2

Ways that Antimicrobial drugs can interfere

Back 2

1. Destroy cell wall (poke hole/damage)

2. Interrupt Protein synthesis (Translation)

3. Interrupt Nucleic acid synthesis (DNA Rep/RNA Transcription)

4. Interrupt cell wall synthesis

5. Folic acid interruption by competitie inhibition

Front 3

Narrow spectrum drug that inteferes with cell wall synthesis of mycobacterium as in the case of TB.

Back 3

isoniazad

Front 4

This drug destroys anthrax. It blocks DNA Synthesis in gram neg and gram positive.

Back 4

Quinolones

Front 5

Beta lactamase

Back 5

inactivates the beta lactam antibiotics; resistant

Front 6

Betalactam

Back 6

inhibits cell wall synthesis; a part of pencillin

Front 7

Cephalosporin (big head)

Back 7

1. resemble penicillin

2. inhibit cell wall synth

3. alternative to pencillin for pen resistance

4. Broad spectrum (against gram neg)

5. resistant to betalactamase

Front 8

Monobactam

Back 8

Narrow spectrum. Not recognized by betalactamases; can kill gram neg aerobe rod.

Front 9

Vancomycin

Back 9

Cell wall inhibitor

IV administered against gram pos like staph

"drug of last resort" - damages ears and kidneys

microbes can't resist

Front 10

1. Topical (skin) - cyclic polypeptid

2. interferes with transport of cell wall precursors through bacterial cell membrane; can't build walls.

3. kills gram positive

Back 10

Bacitracin

Front 11

Polymyxins

Back 11

1. cyclic polypeptide

2. increase bacteria permeability, leading to cell death

3. efffective against infections in wounds, burns and abrasions.

Front 12

How do antibiotics effect protein synthesis in bacteria, but not the host?

Back 12

Antibiotics target the bacteria's ribosomes, which are smaller than human.

Front 13

Attach to bacterial ribosomes, blocking translation

Back 13

Aminoglycosides

(Amino-Glyco)

Front 14

Examples of Aminoglycosides

Back 14

Streptomycin - tb

Gentamicin - uti

Neomycin - cuts

Front 15

Streptomycin

Back 15

Sometimes used in TB

can damage the auditory nerves - deafness

Front 16

Gentamicin

Back 16

used for UTI (gram neg infection)

Front 17

ointment - combo with bacitrain and polyxmyxi as neosporin

Back 17

Neomycin

Front 18

Which antibiotic causes the teeth to stain?

Back 18

Tetracycline; targets tRNA 30S

Front 19

Which antibiotic can cross the blood brain barrier?

Back 19

Chloramphenicol

Front 20

What diseases is chloramphenicol used to treat?

Back 20

Seriously life threatening disease

Brain affected diseases:Meningitis and Typhoid Fever; as well as cholera and rocky mtn fever

Front 21

How does chloramphenicol work?

Back 21

bacteriostatic; interferes with protein synthesis

(peptide bond formation in bacterial ribosome)

Front 22

What causes gray syndrome?

Back 22

Chloramphenicol; accumulates in the blood of baby, causing toxic reaction and sudden breakdown of cardiovascular system.

Can also cause aplastic anemia

Front 23

How does Rifampin work?

Back 23

Interferes with RNA synthesis (transcription)

Front 24

What is a drug used in penicillin allergic patients?

Back 24

Erythromycin (although CP can't use this either)

Front 25

Antibiotics that affect protein synthesis

Back 25

Aminoglycosides

Tetracyclines

Chloramphenicol

Macrolides

Licosamides

Streptogramins

oxazolidiones

Front 26

What are assays used for?

Back 26

To tell if an antibiotic is working

Front 27

What are two assays used?

Back 27

Tube dilution method

Disk diffusion

Front 28

Tube Dilution method

Back 28

An assay

determines lowest concentration of antibiotic that will prevent growth of pathogen (MIC)

Front 29

Lowest conc of antibiotic to prevent growth of pathogen.

Back 29

MIC Minimum Inhibitory Concentration - lowest conc of antibiotic to prevent growth of pathogen

Front 30

What is the Disk Diffusion Method? How does it work?

Back 30

It is an assay

Antibiotic disk diffused in agar dish. zone of inhibition (Clearing) means the drug is working to inhibit bacteria.

Front 31

What is the name of the clearing around the disk in disk diffusion?

Back 31

Zone of inhibition

Front 32

Drugs made in the lab

Back 32

Chemotherapeutics.Synthetic

Front 33

Medicine made from microbes to kill microbes

Back 33

Antibiotics

Front 34

Concentration causing harm to host

Back 34

toxic dose

Front 35

concentration eliminating pathogen

Back 35

therpeutic dose

Front 36

Kills a wide variety of microbes

Back 36

broad spectrum

Front 37

Kills a small number of microbes

Back 37

narrow spectrum

Front 38

Example of a broad spectrum that kills almost all bacteria except mycobacterium.

Back 38

Tetracycline

Front 39

This drug uses competitve inhibition to interrupt folic acid synthesis

Back 39

Sulfanilamide (sulfonamide)

Front 40

Back 40

How antibiotics work:

Protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis, Nucleic Acid synthesis, cell membrane, fam

Front 41

Explain how penicillin interferes with cell wall synthesis in rapidly growing cells,.

Back 41

The cell can no longer make peptidoglycan; causes the cell wall to become weak and the cell to burst

Front 42

True/False?: Rifampin interferes with transcription of RNA

Back 42

True

Front 43

Drugs that treat meningitis

Back 43

Rifampin

Chloramphenicol

Front 44

Name the ways that antibiotic resistance takes place in a cell

Back 44

Mutations

Gene transfer

Antibiotic modification (ie. betalactamase)

Altering metabolic pathways (folic acid)

Membrane Modification (permeability)

Target Modification (ribsome mod)

Front 45

Three methods of horizontal gene transfer

Back 45

conjugation

transformation

transduction

Front 46

Human contributions to antibiotic resistance

Back 46

Available over the counter in some countries

Used in livestock feeds

Excessive use of antibiotics

Front 47

Sulfonamides interfere with ______ ________ synthesis.

Back 47

Folic Acid synthesis

Front 48

If folic acid synthesis is blocked, ______ ________ and _________ __________ synthesis cannot take place.

Back 48

DNA Replication / Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Front 49

Two drugs together work better is called __________ _______________.

Back 49

Drug Synergism

Front 50

This antibiotic interferes with folic acid metabolism.

Back 50

Sulfonamide

Front 51

This drug is used to treat a mycobacterium such as TB. It interferes with cell wall synthesis

Back 51

Isoniazid

Front 52

True or False: Isoniazid is a narrow spectrum drug that is bacteriostatic.

Back 52

True

Front 53

This drug blocks DNA Synthesis in Gram Neg and Gram positive

Back 53

quionolones

Front 54

Antiobiotics can interfere with the synthesis of the cell wall. What is the component of the cell wall it interferes with? What happens to the cell?

Back 54

Peptidoglycan. The wall becomes weak, the osmotic pressure changes and the cell burst.

Front 55

Is penicillin bacteriostatic or bactericidal when the cells are multiplying rapidly?

Back 55

Bactericidal

Front 56

In synthetic penicillin, what differs from drug to drug creating resistance to beta lactamase?

Back 56

The side group

Front 57

BetaLactam Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis:

Back 57

Betalactam belongs to pencillin and similar drugs.

Front 58

Vancomycin is bacteri___________ and inhibits _______ _________ __________. It treats gram __________ staph where penicillin allergies or resistance occurs.

Back 58

bactericidal / cell wall synthesis / positive

Front 59

T or F: Vancomycin has become the drug of coice for MRSA.

Back 59

True

Front 60

Polypeptide antibiotics such as polymixins and bacitracin are too toxic to ingest. They are used topically. How does this affect the organism causing the infection?

Back 60

It affects the cell membrane

Front 61

Bacitracin works by

Back 61

by interfering with transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane. (GRAM POS ...positively polypeptide!)

Front 62

polymixins work by

Back 62

increasing the cells permeability

Front 63

Gentamicin is used to treat what type of infection? How does it affect organism?

Back 63

Urinary Tract Infection (gent...genitalia...);

Inhibits Protein synthesis

Front 64

Streptomycin, Gentamicin are both in the group....

Back 64

aminglycosides

Front 65

True or False: tetracycline group is broad spectrum includes doxycycline and is used to treat rickettsial and chlamydial diseases as well as gram negativepneumonia syphilis, gonorrhea.

Back 65

True

Front 66

Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum bacteriostatic drug How does it effect the organism? (ie cws, ps etc)

Back 66

Inhibits protein synthesis