Chapter 23: Plant Cells And Tissues

Front 1

How are plant cells different from animal cells?

Back 1

cell wall, chloroplasts and large central vacuole.

Front 2

What is parenchyma?

Back 2

most abundant type of plant cell, spherical with thin, flexible cell walls.

Front 3

What are the two main functions of parenchyma?

Back 3

storage and food production

Front 4

How do you identify the parenchyma cells?

Back 4

thin, flexible cell walls, comes in many shapes

Front 5

How do you identify collenchyma cells?

Back 5

uneven thickness of cell wall. Tubelike strands (celery) or cylinders. FIBER

Front 6

How do you identify sclerenchyma cells?

Back 6

very thick and rigid, often dead. WOOD

Front 7

What are collenchyma cells?

Back 7

longs cells with uneven, thick cell walls that allow cells to grow.

Front 8

What are sclerenchyma cells?

Back 8

very thick, rigid cells that often die but remain intact to provide support for the plant.

Front 9

What are two common types of sclerenchyma cells?

Back 9

FIBERS-long, think cells that form strands (rope) and SCLERIDS-irregular shaped, found in clusters, gritty teture of pears and part of peach pits.

Front 10

What is the epidermis?

Back 10

flattened cells that cover all parts of the plant, like skin. Epidermal cells produce a waxy cuticle that helps prevent water loss.

Front 11

What are stomata?

Back 11

openings in leaf tissue that control the exchange of gases. Stomata are found on stems and leaves.

Front 12

That cells control the opening and closing of Stomata?

Back 12

Guard cells.

Front 13

What function does Stomata have?

Back 13

control water loss for the plant

Front 14

What are root hairs?

Back 14

extensions of individual cells that help the root absorb water and dissolved minerals.

Front 15

What are Trichomes?

Back 15

hairlike projections that give a stem or leaf a fuzzy appearance. They help reduce water evaporation from a plant.

Front 16

What are two types of vascular tissue?

Back 16

Xylem and Phloem

Front 17

What are the four cells types on Xylem?

Back 17

Tracheids: tubular cells, tapered at each end
Vessel elements: tubular cells that transport water, wider and shorter than tracheids
fibers:
parenchyma:

Front 18

Where in the plant are most new plant cells produced?

Back 18

Meristem

Front 19

What type of meristem adds length to stems and roots?

Back 19

Apical meristem.

Front 20

What do lateral meristems do?

Back 20

increase stem and root diameter.

Front 21

What are the four types of plant tissue?

Back 21

Dermal, vascular, ground and meristematic.

Front 22

What does dermal tissue do?

Back 22

Cover the plant.

Front 23

What does vascular tissue do?

Back 23

transport water, food and dissolved substances through the plant.

Front 24

What do ground tissue do?

Back 24

Photosynthesis, storage and secretion.

Front 25

What does meristematic tissue do?

Back 25

reproduce plant cells.

Front 26

What are the three major plant organs?

Back 26

stems, roots and leaves.

Front 27

What do stems do?

Back 27

structural support and contain vascular tissue.

Front 28

What do leaves do?

Back 28

photosynthesis

Front 29

What do roots do?

Back 29

anchor plants, absorb water and other dissolved substances.

Front 30

What is PHLOEM?

Back 30

type of vascular tissue, tubular, carries sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant.

Front 31

what are SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS?

Back 31

in PHLOEM, the long cylindrical cells, they are alive at maturity.

Front 32

What are COMPANION CELLS?

Back 32

in PHLOEM, they are next to each SIEVE TUBE MEMBER, a nucleated cell that helps transport sugars.

Front 33

What two types of lateral meristems are found in most woody plants?

Back 33

VASCULAR CAMBIUM AND CORK CAMBIUM.
vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem cells.
cork cambium produces cells with tough cell walls, like bark.

Front 34

What is the third type of lateral meristem that is found in grasses, corn and other monocots?

Back 34

the type that lengthens the part of the stem between the leaves.

Front 35

What are the two main types of root systems?

Back 35

taproots and fibrous roots.

Front 36

What are taproots and give examples.

Back 36

single thick structure with smaller branching structure like carrots and beets.

Front 37

What type of root does corn have?

Back 37

Prop roots, originates above ground and helps support the plants.

Front 38

What are serial roots?

Back 38

roots that cling to objects like walls

Front 39

what are pneumatophores or "knees"

Back 39

They are roots that grow upward from the mud and eventually out of the water, like bald cypress trees have.

Front 40

What does the root hair do?

Back 40

increase the surface area of the root in contact with the soil.

Front 41

What does the cortex of the root do?

Back 41

transport water and dissolved minerals into the vascular tissues. Can also store food and water.

Front 42

What does the endodermis do?

Back 42

forms a seal around the root's vascular tissue, the waterproof seal force the water and dissolved minerals to pass through the cells into the root.

Front 43

What does the pericycle do?

Back 43

the tissue from which lateral roots arise as offshoots of older roots.

Front 44

What is the big difference in location of xylem and phloem in monocots and dicots?

Back 44

monocot: alternating strands around a central core of parenchyma cells.
Dicots: sylem in a central star-shaped mass and the phloem is found between the points of the star.

Front 45

What does the root cap do?

Back 45

cover the tip of the root and protect it.

Front 46

What is the difference between green, herbaceous stems and woody stems?

Back 46

Green, herbaceous stems are soft, flexible and carry out photosynthesis.
Woody stems are hard, rigid, have cork and vascular cambriums.

Front 47

What are three types of stems that have food storage organs?

Back 47

Corms, tubers and rhizomes.

Front 48

What is the difference in arrangement of vascular tissue in monocots and dicots?

Back 48

Monocots have scattered bundles of vascular tissue in their stems.
Dicots have rings of xylem and phloem.

Front 49

What is the xylem tissue produced by secondary growth called?

Back 49

Wood

Front 50

What is bark made of?

Back 50

phloem cells and cork cambium.

Front 51

What carries water and dissolved minerals through stems?

Back 51

Xylem

Front 52

What carries dissolved sugars, hormones, viruses and other substances through stems?

Back 52

Phloem

Front 53

What is the movement of sugars in phloem called?

Back 53

Translocation

Front 54

What is the portion of the plant that stores sugars called?

Back 54

the sink

Front 55

What is the primary function of leaves in plants?

Back 55

photosynthesis

Front 56

What is the petiole?

Back 56

The stalk which connects the leaves to the stem.

Front 57

What is the name of the tissue on the leaf responsible for photosynthesis?

Back 57

Mesophyll

Front 58

What is the loss of water through the stomata called?

Back 58

transpiration

Front 59

What are three leaf patterns?

Back 59

parallel, netlike and dichotomous.

Front 60

What leaf vein pattern do most monocots have?

Back 60

parallel

Front 61

What are some leaf modifications?

Back 61

irritate skin (poison ivy), cactus spikes (reduce water loss and protect from predators), trap insects (pitcher plant), tendrils.

Front 62

What group of plant hormones causes cell elongation?

Back 62

AUXINS, specifically IAA. This makes plants grow longer. Auxin is NOT transported by vascular system, it moves by active transport.

Front 63

What else do auxin do beside make a plant grow tall?

Back 63

Can inhibit the grow of side branches, delay fruit formation and the dropping of fruits.

Front 64

What are GIBBERELLINS?

Back 64

plant hormones that cause plants to grow taller but they ARE TRANSPORTED IN VASCULAR TISSUE. The also increase the rate of seed germination and bud development.

Front 65

What do CYTOKININS do?

Back 65

stimulate mitosis and cell division.

Front 66

What does Ethylene do?

Back 66

speeds up ripening of fruit, makes fruit taste sweet.

Front 67

What does TROPISM mean?

Back 67

plant's response to a stimulus like growing towards the source of light (phototropism).

Front 68

What is gravitropism?

Back 68

plant growth in response to gravity.

Front 69

What is thigmotropism?

Back 69

plant growth in response to touch, like coiling a vine around a fence post.

Front 70

What does NASTIC MOVEMENT mean?

Back 70

plant growth that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.

Front 71

What is an example of nastic movement?

Back 71

Venus fly trap that goes back to original shape, nastic movements are reversible.

Front 72

What are some nastic responses caused by?

Back 72

changes in cell pressure.