Chapter 22

Front 1

8 Sections of the GI tract

Back 1

1. Mouth

2. pharynx

3. esophagus

4. stomach

5. small intestine

6. large intestine

7. rectum

8. anus

Front 2

The GI tract is often called either of these names:

Back 2

1. Digestive tract

2. Alimentary tract

Front 3

The GI tract tube is called the

Back 3

lumen

Front 4

This gastric enzyme breaks down peptides (proteins)

Back 4

Pepsin

Front 5

How much of the mass of fecal material is composed of bacteria?

Back 5

40 to 60 %

Front 6

Saliva contains these two antimicrobial proteins:

Back 6

Lysozyme and Lactoferrin

Front 7

Bile is antimicrobial - T or F?

Back 7

True

Front 8

The entire digestive system is outfitted with cells of the immune system, collectively called this:

Back 8

"Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue" or GALT

Front 9

The oral cavity is populated by this number of known species of microbes?

Back 9

550

Front 10

Fungi are not normally present in the oral cavity - T or F?

Back 10

False

Front 11

Protozoa are normally present in the oral cavity - T or F?

Back 11

True

Front 12

Generally the first colonizers of the tooth surface?

Back 12

Streptococci

Front 13

Streptococci attach specifically to protins in this mucinous glycoprotein covering on the tooth?

Back 13

Pellicle

Front 14

How many species of microbes lives in the stomach?

Back 14

128

Front 15

Microbes help with digestion, doing jobs that we can't do ourselves. For example, this bacterium synthesizes Vitamin K.

Back 15

E. coli

Front 16

The most common infectious disease of human beings.

Back 16

Dental caries

Front 17

Main causes of tooth decay -

Back 17

S. sobrinus and S. mutans

Front 18

This must be present for bacteria to cause tooth decay

Back 18

dietary carbohydrate (sucrose in particular)

Front 19

The practice of putting a baby down to nap with a bottle of fruit juice or formula can lead to rampant dental caries - a condition called?

Back 19

Nursing bottle caries

Front 20

Disease Table 22.1 Dental Caries

Back 20

Page 666

Front 21

The initial phase of periodontal disease, the signs of which are swelling, loss of normal contour, patches of reness, and increased bleeding of the gingiva.

Back 21

Gingivitis

Front 22

Bacterial community makeup is thought to have a significant effect upon the aggressiveness of periodontal disease - T or F?

Back 22

True

Front 23

Plaque that becomes mineralized (calcified) with calcium and phosphate crystals produces a hard, porous substance called?

Back 23

Calculus

Front 24

The most destructive periodontal diseases

Back 24

Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG) and Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis (NUP)

Front 25

Disease Table 22.2 Periodontal Diseases

Back 25

Page 668

Front 26

Swelling of the salivary gland associated with Mumps is called?

Back 26

Parotitis

Front 27

Mumps is caused by this family of virus that produces syncytia.

Back 27

Paramyxovirus

Front 28

The exclusive natural hosts for the mumps virus.

Back 28

Humans

Front 29

Disease Table 22.3 Mumps

Back 29

Page 670

Front 30

He discovered Helicobacter in stomach biopsies from ulcer patients.

Back 30

J. Robin Warren along with his assistant Barry J. Marshall in 1979

Front 31

This is experienced as sharp or burning pain emanating from the abdomen.

Back 31

Gastritis

Front 32

Gastric and Duodenal ulcers are collectively termed

Back 32

Peptic ulcers

Front 33

Evidence exists that H. pylori is a causative agent of stomach cancer - T or F?

Back 33

True

Front 34

There is a higher rate of gastric ulcer found in patients with this blood type

Back 34

O

Front 35

This percent of the world's population is infected with H. pylori

Back 35

66%

Front 36

Diagnosis of peptic ulcer is through

Back 36

endoscopy

Front 37

Disease Table 22.4 Gastritis and Gastric Ulcer

Back 37

Page 671

Front 38

The Salmonella species of interest -

Back 38

S. enterica

Front 39

Until recently the most severe manifestation of Salmonella was?

Back 39

Typhoid fever

Front 40

Salmonella is typically transmitted through

Back 40

Food products - meat and milk products; sanitary conditions play a role.

Front 41

The first food safety vaccine?

Back 41

A salmonella vaccine for chickens

Front 42

Describe Shigella bacteria

Back 42

Gram-negative straight rods, non-motile and non-spore forming. They do not produce urease or H2S; primarily human parasites.

Front 43

The gold standard for identification of Shigella infections.

Back 43

Stool sample analysis

Front 44

Diarrhea containing blood is called?

Back 44

Dysentery

Front 45

This infection is different than others in that it invades the villus cells of the large intestine rather than the small intestine.

Back 45

Shigellosis

Front 46

Shigella uses both endo and exotoxins - T or F?

Back 46

True

Front 47

Shiga-toxin is what type toxin

Back 47

A-B

Front 48

The most virulent E.coli strain and the class it is characterized as:

Back 48

E. coli O157:H7; enterohemmorrhagic E. coli or EHEC

Front 49

E. coli can produce Shiga toxin - T or F?

Back 49

True

Front 50

How does Shiga toxin work?

Back 50

It disrupts protein synthesis in its target cells

Front 51

Most common mode of transmission of E.coli O157:H7?

Back 51

Undercooked beef

Front 52

Minimum number of E. coli O157:H7 bacteria required for infection?

Back 52

10

Front 53

Diagnosis

Back 53

Stool sample or ELISA or PCR

Front 54

Traveler's diarrhea (Montezuma's disease) is caused by this type microbe - and primarily affects this organ -

Back 54

Enterotoxogenic E. coli (ETEC); small intestine

Front 55

Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC) does not produce Shiga toxins or other exotoxins - T or F?

Back 55

True

Front 56

The most common cause of diarrhea in the US

Back 56

Campylobacter

Front 57

Most common cause of Campylobacter infections; describe the bacteria

Back 57

Campylobacter jejuni; slender, curved or spiral gram-negative propelled by polar flagella at one or both ends often appearing in gull-winged or S-shaped pairs.

Front 58

Disease that can follow a Camphylobacter infection -

Back 58

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

Front 59

Cholera is caused by this organism; describe this bacteria

Back 59

Vibrio cholerae; fermentative and grow in media containing bile; possess O and H antigens; comma-shaped rods with single polar flagellum; two major biotypes: classic and El Tor.

Front 60

The description "rice-water stool" is associated with this disease:

Back 60

Cholera

Front 61

If left untreated death from Cholera can occur within 48 hours - T or F?

Back 61

True (mortality rate of about 55 % - loss of up to 1 liter per hour of fluids through secretory diarrhea)

Front 62

Virulence of cholera is due to?

Back 62

Endotoxin called Cholera Toxin (CT), a typical A-B toxin

Front 63

Vaccines for cholera are available - T or F?

Back 63

True

Front 64

Cryptosporidium is this type microbe -

Back 64

Protozoan

Front 65

Primary cause of morbidity and mortality from viruses resulting from diarrhea?

Back 65

Rotavirus

Front 66

Physical appearance of Rotavirus resembles -

Back 66

"a spoked wheel"

Front 67

Disease Table 22.5 Acute Diarrhea

Back 67

Page 680

Front 68

Food poisoning is caused by?

Back 68

Exotoxin of S. aureus, B. cereus and C. perfringens. The bacteria doesn't even have to be present.

Front 69

description of "vomiting" disease

Back 69

emetic

Front 70

Disease Table 22.6 Acute Diarrhea with Vomiting (Food Poisoning)

Back 70

Page 684

Front 71

This E. coli type is responsible for chronic diarrhea -

Back 71

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

Front 72

These organisms, including EAEC cause chronic diarrhea -

Back 72

EAEC, Cyclospora (protozoan), Giardia lambia (protozoan), Entamoeba (amoeba)

Front 73

Figure 22.22

Back 73

Page 687

Front 74

Table 22.7 Chronic Diarrhea

Back 74

Page 688

Front 75

Viruses infecting the liver are referred to as? These are marked by necrosis of hepatocytes and a mononuclear response that swells and disrupts the liver architecture. Interference with the liver's excretion of bile pigments such as bilirubin; can result in jaundice, a yellow tinge in the skin and eyes.

Back 75

Hepatitis

Front 76

Intact hepatitis B viruses are often called?

Back 76

Dane particles

Front 77

Hepatitis A is spread;

Back 77

fecal-oral; generally of low virulence

Front 78

Hepatitis B is much more serious than A

Back 78

(HBV) can cause hepatocellular carcinoma and even without HBV can be life threatening

Front 79

Sometimes referred to as the "silent epidemic"

Back 79

Hepatitis C

Front 80

Disease Table 22.8 Hepatitis

Back 80

Page 691

Front 81

Helminth infection usually provokes an increase in granular leukocytes called?

Back 81

eosinophils, which can be dectected in blood counts

Front 82

Host in which the adult worm is found?

Back 82

Definitive host

Front 83

Larval stages are found in?

Back 83

Intermediate host

Front 84

Figure 22.23

Back 84

Page 693

Front 85

Table 22.1

Back 85

Page 692

Front 86

common name for Trichuris trichiura

Back 86

Whipworm

Front 87

common name for Enterobius vermicularis

Back 87

Pinworm (or seatworm)

Front 88

common name for Taenia solium

Back 88

Tapeworm

Front 89

Table 22.9 Intestinal Distress

Back 89

Page 696

Front 90

Ascaris lumbricoides

Back 90

giant intestinal roundworm

Front 91

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

Back 91

Hookworms

Front 92

Strongyloides stercoralis

Back 92

threadworm

Front 93

Disease Table 22.10 Intestinal Distress plus Migratory Symptoms

Back 93

Page 698

Front 94

Opisthorchis sinensis and Clonorchis sinensis

Back 94

Chinese liver flukes

Front 95

Fasciola hepatica

Back 95

Sheep liver fluke

Front 96

Disease Table 22.11 Liver and Intestinal Disease

Back 96

Page 699

Front 97

Disease Table 22.12 Muscle and Neurological Symptoms

Back 97

Page 700

Front 98

Disease table 22.13 Liver Disease

Back 98

Page 702