Chapter 21 Mental Health

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agor/a-

Back 1

marketplace

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aut/o-

Back 2

self

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centr/o-

Back 3

center

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cycl/o-

Back 4

circle, cycle

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delus/o-

Back 5

to cheat

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neur/o-

Back 6

nerve

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path/o-

Back 7

disease

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phren/o-

Back 8

mind

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psych/o-

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mind

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schiz/o-

Back 10

to divide

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somat/o-

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body

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thym/o-

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mind, emotion

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affect

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In psychology, observable evidence of an individual's emotional reaction associated with an experience

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affective disorder

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Characterized by a disturbance of mood accompanied by a manic or depressive syndrome; this syndrome is not caused by any other physical or mental disorder

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agoraphobia

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fear of being in crowded places

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anorexia nervosa

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Complex psychological disorder in which the individual refuses to eat or has an abnormally limited eating pattern. People with eating disorders may engage in self-induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives, diuretics, or prolonged exercise to control their weigh

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anxiety

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Feeling of uneasiness, apprehension, worry, or dread; involuntary or reflex reaction of the body to stress. Anxiety can be a normal reaction to stress and can help us deal with a situation

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anxiety disorders

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Mental disorders that can affect adults and children and are chronic, growing progressively worse if not treated. Symptoms, which may begin in childhood or adolescence, include excessive, irrational fear or dread

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autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

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"A new DSM-5 term that reflects a scientific consensus that four previously separate disorders are actually asingle condition with different levels of symptom severity. Some children are mildly impaired by their symptoms, but others are severely disabled.

1) autistism

2) aspergers

3) childhood disintegrative disorder

4) pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified

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bipolar disorder

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Brain disorder also known as manic-depressive illness that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, and ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Bipolar disorder is characterized by cycling mood changes: mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania) and severe lows (depression)

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apathy

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Condition in which a person lacks feelings and emotions and is indifferent

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apperception

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Comprehension or assimilation of the meaning and significance of a particular sensory stimulus as modified by an individual's own experiences, knowledge, thoughts, and emotions

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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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One of the most common childhood disorders, ADHD can continue through adolescence and adulthood. Symptoms include difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity

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ADHD Subtypes

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* Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive: Child can't sit still, walks, runs, or climbs when others are seated; talks when others are talking. * Predominantly inattentive: Child daydreams or seems to be in another world; is sidetracked by what is going on around him or her. * Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive: Six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present in the child.

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compulsion

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"Uncontrollable, recurrent, and distressing urge to perform an act in order to relieve fear connected with obsession

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cyclothymic disorder

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mood disorder characterized by alternating moods of elation and depression, similar to bipolar disorder but of milder intensity

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delirium

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State of mental confusion marked by illusions, hallucinations, excitement, restlessness, delusions, and speech incoherence

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delusion

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Characterized by bizarre thoughts that have no basis in reality; a fixed, false belief or abnormal per- ception held by a person despite evidence to the contrary

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dementia

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Problem in the brain that makes it difficult for a person to remember, learn, and communicate and eventually to take care of him- or herself: can also affecting a person's mood and personality. Dementia of the Alzheimer type is the most common form.

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depression

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Mental disorder marked by altered mood and loss of interest in things that are usually pleasurable such as food, sex, work, friends, hobbies, or entertainment

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dysthymia

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a less severe type of depression that involves long-term, chronic symptoms that do not disable but keep an individual from functioning well or feeling good

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fugue

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Dissociative disorder in which amnesia is accompanied by physical flight from customary surroundings. In psychogenic fugue, there is sudden, unexpected travel away from an individual's home or place of work with inability to recall the past.The individual can assume apartial or completely new identity.This condition is usually of short duration but can last for months. Following recovery, the person does not recall anything that happened during the fugue.

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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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Characterized by much higher levels of anxiety than people normally experience day to day. It is chronic and fills a person's day with exaggerated worry and tension. Having this disorder means always anticipat- ing disaster, often worrying excessively about health, money, family, or work

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hallucination

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process of experiencing sensations that have no source

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hypmania

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abnormal mood of mild mania characterized by hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, talkativeness, heightened sexual interest, quickness to anger, irritability, and a decreased need for sleep

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impulse control disorder

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Mental condition in which the person is unable to resist urges or impulses to perform acts that could be harmful to him or herself or others

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mania

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Mental disorder characterized by excessive excitement; literally means madness

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mood

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Pervasive and sustained emotion that plays a key role in an individual's perception of the world

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neurotic

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pertaining to one who has an abnormal emotional or mental disorder

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norepinephrineÂ

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Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that acts as a neurotransmitter. It is believed that disturbancesin its metabolism at important brain sites can be implicated in affective disorders.

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dissociation

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Defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes become separated from normal consciousness and thus separated, function as a unitary whole

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eating disorders

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Disorders that cause serious disturbances to an individuars everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating

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egocentric

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Pertaining to being self-centered

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factitious disorder

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Disorder that is not real, genuine, or natural.The physical and psychological symptoms are produced by the person to place him- or herself or another in the role of a patient or someone in need of help

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obsession

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Neurotic state in which an individual has a recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to resist

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paranoia

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mental disorder characterized by highly exaggerated or unwarranted mistrust or suspiciousness

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personality disorder

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Mental disorder characterized by inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that are exhibited across many contexts and deviate markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture

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phobia

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"Morbid and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the feared stimulus

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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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Debilitating anxiety disorder that can develop following a terrifying event.

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psychiatrist

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Physician who specializes in the study and treatment ofmentaldisorders

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psychoanalysis

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Method of investigating the mental processes of an individual using the techniques of free association, interpretation, and dream analysis

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psychologist

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Person who specializes in the study of the mind and behavior

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psychology

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Study of the mind and behavior, both normal and pathological

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psychopath

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Mentally ill individual with an antisocial personality disorder; also called sociopath

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psychosis

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Serious, abnormal mental condition in which the individuals mental capacity to recognize reality and com- municate with and relate to others is impaired;

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psychosomatic

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Pertaining to the interrelationship of the mind and the body; a manifestation of physical disease that has a mental origin

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psychotherapy

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method of treating mental disorders by using psychological techniques instead of physical methods

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psychotropic

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Drug that affects psychic function, behavior, or experience

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pyromania

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impulsive disorder consisting of a compulsion to set fires or to watch fires

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schizorphrenia

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mental disorder characterized by positive and negative symptomsÂ

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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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Form of depression that appears related to fluctuations in a person's exposure to natural light; usually strikes during autumn and often continues through the winter when natural light is reduced.

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serotonin

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Chemical present in gastrointestinal mucosa, platelets, mast cells, and carcinoid tumors; a vasoconstrictor and a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS); affects sleep and sensory perception

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sexual disorders

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Disorders that affect sexual desire, performance, and behavior

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somatoform disorder

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mental disorder (aka psychosomatic disorder) in which the person experiences physical symptoms of an illness that are not explained by medical condition or medication

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substance abuse

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misuse of medications, alcohol, or illegal substances

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suicide

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willfully ending one's own life

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tic disorder

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Characterized by spasmodic muscular contractions most commonly involving the face, mouth, eyes, head, neck, or shoulder muscles.Â

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ADHD

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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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APA

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American Psychiatric Association

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ASD

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autism spectrum disorder

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BDD

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body dysmorphic disorder

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CPT

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cognitive-behavioral therapy

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CNS

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central nervous system

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DSM-IV-TR

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision

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ECT

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electroconvulsive therapy

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GAD

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generalized anxiety disorder

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HHS

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Department of Health and Human Services

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IQ

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intelligence quotient

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MAOIs

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miniamine oxidase inhibitors

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MMPI

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Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory

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NIH

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National Institutes of Health

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NIMH

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National Institute of Mental Health

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NINDS

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

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OCD

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obsessive-complusive disorder

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PTSD

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post-traumatic stress disorder

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SAD

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seasonal affective disorder