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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Overconfidence
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people tend to be more confident than correct
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we think we know more than we really do know!
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Hindsight Bias
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After you know the outcome of an event, you tend to believe that you would have predicted it.
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Where do hypotheses come from?
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Dissatisfaction with others’ theories (strong), New questions about research, Personal observation and curiosity
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3 Methods of research
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Descriptive, correlational, experimentation
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When do we use descriptive research?
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use it when you want to know the nature of the behavior
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Case study
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used to examine one person in depth to understand human nature in general.
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Limits to case studies
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atypicality/lack of generalization
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Observational Research
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used when researcher observes people and systematically records measurements of their behavior.
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Types of Observational research (2)
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Unobtrusive Observation, Participant Observation
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Limits to Observational research (2)
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Lack of generalizability, Some behaviors are difficult to observe
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Survey Research
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used to ask lots of people to report their behavior
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Strength of Survey Research
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can sample a selection of population to reflect the whole population
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Limits of survey research
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unrepresentative samples → Must do random sampling! Order of questions can shape your responses (Anchor Numbers)
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Correlational
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Use it when you want to understand relationships between two things and be able to predict behaviors.
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Positive Correlation
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two variables rise and fall together
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Negative Correlation
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two variables move opposite one another (drinking v. exam scores
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No correlation
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the two variable aren’t tied together in any way
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Strength of correlational research
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You can examine factors like race, sex, and age
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Weaknesses of Correlational research (2)
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Correlation does not imply causation. Third variable problem (something else affecting the examined behaviors? Heat causes ice cream consumption, also increases violence)
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Experimental
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Used to manipulate some event or variable so that people experience it one way or another, and see if differences in behaviors exist
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Independent Variable (IV)
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variable being manipulated
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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variable dependant on IV
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Control
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everything but the IV should be the same
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Random Assignment
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control vs. experimental groups are chosen at random
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Strengths or experimental research(2)
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Can determine cause and effect, Experimenter has much control over the situation
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Weaknesses of Experimental research (1)
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Lacks external validity i.e. valid in real life?
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Mode
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most often reported score
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Mean
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average score
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Median
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middle score
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Range
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From lowest to highest score
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Statistical Significance
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Are the two groups really different?
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