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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A group of reserachers wanted to determine whether people would eat more food in a cool room than in a hot room. Half the participants ate in a warm room (75 F) and half the participants ate in a cool room (65 F). The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study, the dependent variable is?
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The amount of food that is consumed.
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A group of researchers wanted to determine whether people would eat more food in a cool room than in a hot room. Half of the participants ate in a warm room (75 F) and half the participants ate in a cool room (65 F). The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study, the independent variable is?
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The temperature of the room (75 F or 65 F)
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What is a placebo?
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An inactive or inert substance that appears to be a real drug.
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According to your text, forming a hypothesis is the ________ step in the scientific method.
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Third
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What do correlations do?
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Predict Behavior
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What happens in a double-blind study?
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The researchers administering the treatment do not know which participants are in the experimental group.
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In experiments, the _______variable is controlled by the researcher (what is manipulated), while the _______ variable is controlled by the participant (what is measured).
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Independent and Dependent
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Naturalistic Observation, case studies, and surveys are all examples of __________ ________.
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Descriptive Research
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Researchers studying the effects of caffeine on response times had participants drink either a beverage that contained caffeine or a decaffeinated version of the same beverage. In this study, the experimental group is?
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The participants who drink the beverage with caffeine.
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Sam, an autistic boy, took part in Dr. Omar's new therapy he recently designed. Dr. Omar reported Sam's behavior in great detail to argue that his new program works. The research technique used here was?
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A case study
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The ethical practice in which the right to privacy of all research participants is maintained is known as?
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Confidentiality
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The primary advantage of experimental research over correlational research is that experiments can determine _______ ________ ___________.
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Cause-effect relationships
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To help ensure that uncontrolled individual differences in participants are equated across the groups in an experiment, researchers are most likely to use _________ _________.
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Random Assignment
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What potential problem of correlational research limits the types of conclusions possible?
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Third Variables
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What technique helps ensure that survey data represent the opinions of the population as a whole?
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Random Sampling
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When results from laboratory research fail to predict behavior in the real world, the research lacks ________ ________.
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External Validity
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As adults get old, their ability to solve novel problems declines represents what type of correlation?
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Negative Correlation
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You obtained the following data (1, 1, 2, 4, 7). The mean, median, and mode of these data are?
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3, 2, 1.
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You read that there is a statistically signifiant difference in the rate of depression among men and women. This means that the difference is not likely to be due to _________.
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Chance
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To study age differences in personal space, researchers sat in a mall and watched people walking and sitting together. What research approach did they use?
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Naturalistic Observation
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Inferential Statistics help _______ _______ _______
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interpret research results
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Researchers manipulated the temperature of the room in which 4 groups of students were asked to solve 10 math problems. Students in the 60 - and 70 - degree rooms had more correct answers than students in the 80 - and 90 - degree rooms. The dependent variable in this experiment is?
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The number of math problems correctly solved.
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When the subjects do not know to which group they have been assigned, but the experimenter recording their behavior does, the experiment used what?
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a single-blind design
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When the experiment ended, Raj told the subjects the purpose of the experiment, what he hoped to learn, and who to contact for more information. This was part of the ethical requirement of _________.
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Debriefing
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Sometimes the observations from case studies fail to generalize to other individuals or situations. This represents a problem with _______ _______.
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External Validity
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Many cable news programs ask viewers to participate in online surveys, but when reporting the outcome, they usually include a warning that the survey was unscientific and the results might not represent the beliefs of the population in general. Why is this warning very appropriate?
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Participants are not selected randomly.
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Production at the factory was poor, so management had a team of observers film the workers on the job. The films showed everyone working at top speed, and production was the highest in a year. A likely explanation for the change in the workers' behavior is _______.
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Reactivity
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Channel 6 news heard reports that security regulations were being ignored at the local airport. They had a reporter get a job at the airport so he could find out how security was maintained. This technique is _________ _________.
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Participant Observation
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To determine a person's potential for success in a particular occupation, rather than the person's current level of knowledge, researchers would use what?
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An aptitude test
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Range and standard deviation represent what?
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variability
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To discover whether highlighting terms in texts help students learn, researchers had one group of students read a biology chapter with highlighted terms and had another group read the same chapter with the terms in normal type. Both groups then took the same 10 item test, and their test scores were recorded. the independent variable in this experiment was what?
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the format of the chapter (highlighted terms or no highlighting)
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Fred’s advisor noticed that he had not included the same color words in each list used to test whether the color of ink affects memory. The lists differed in both content and ink color. Fred can’t easily interpret his results because?
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his experiment included a confounding variable.
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Before beginning each experiment session, Kit reads aloud a description of what participants will be asked to do. Kit is fulfilling the ethical requirement of ________ ________.
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Informed consent
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The research participants were not told which of three types of pills they were prescribed (a new drug, an old drug, or a sugar pill). Lakisha, the researcher who observes and rates each person’s behavior, doesn’t know which type of pill they received, either. This is an example of a ?
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Double-blind design
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_________ ___________ consists of the methods that underlie the direct observation and description of behavior.
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Descriptive Research
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When does Reactivity occur? and why is it called Reactivity?
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When an individual's behavior is changed by the process of being observed. It is called reactivity because the behavior is essentially a reaction to the observation process.
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What does External Validity do?
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Tells us how well the results of an observation generalize to other situations or are representative of real life.
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What happens in naturalistic observation?
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The researcher records only naturally occurring behavior, as opposed to behavior produced in the laboratory, and tries hard not to interfere in any way. Because the recorded behavior is natural and has not been manufactured by the researcher.
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What happens in participant observation?
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The observer attempts to become a part of the activities being studied, to blend into the group.
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How do you reduce reactivity?
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Measure behavior indirectly, by looking at the results of the behavior rather than the behavior itself.
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Naturalistic observation can also be used to __________________. To gain control over a behavior and to understand its causes researchers do what?
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Verify the results of laboratory experiments.
Manipulate the behavior directly through an experiment. |
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What happens in a case study? What do case studies do?
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The researcher focuses on a single case, usually one individual. They give researchers an important historical perspective; this, in turn, helps the researcher form hypotheses about the possible causes of a behavior or psychological problem.
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How do naturalistic observation and case studies suffer from limitations?
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By focusing on a single case, researchers essentially place all their eggs in one basket.
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What does a survey do and what do the questionaries ask questions about?
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A survey samples behavior broadly, usually by gathering responses from many people. The questionaries usually ask about some personal behavior or psychological characteristic.
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What is the purpose of a survey?
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The purpose of a survey is to gather lots of observations to help determine the characteristics of a larger group or population.
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What is random sampling and why is it the best option?
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Random sampling means that everyone in the target population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the survey. It is the best option because it ensures that all possible biases, viewpoints, and backgrounds will be represented.
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Researchers who use surveys are typically unable to ________________________________________. Some surveys might be flawed because _______________.
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Obtain the in-depth historical information that can be collected in a case study. Answer questions in ways they think might please the researcher.
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What is one of the most descriptive research techniques? and they're designed to do what?
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Psychological Testing
Measure differences among people |
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What do achievement tests measure? What do aptitude tests measure?
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Achievement Tests: measure a person's current level of knowledge or competence in a particular subject.
Aptitude Tests: Designed to measure the potential for success in a given profession or area of study. |
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Psychologists also use the analysis of test performance to answer __________________.
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answer fundamental questions about psychology, such as do people have a fixed amount of intelligence present at birth.
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What is the Mean? Median? Mode?
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Mean: Arithmetic average of the set scores.
Median: The middle point in the set of scores. Mode: Which is the most frequently occurring number. |
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What is variability? and what two ways are used to measure it?
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How much the scores in a set differ from one another.
Range: Which measures the difference between the largest and smallest scores in the distribution. Standard Deviation: Which provides an indication of how much individual scores vary from the mean. |
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Although the mean indicates the average, what does it lack?
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how far apart the individual scores are from each other.
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What do the mean and standard deviation form a part of? and what does it do?
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Descriptive Statistics: they help researchers describe their data. But it's also possible to use statistics to draw inferences from data.
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How do researchers interpret the results from data? and why is it used? (2 ways)
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Inferential Statistics: to decide (1) whether the behaviors recorded in a sample are representative of some larger population, or (2) whether the differences among observations can be attributed to chance or to some other factor.
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What are inferential statistics based on? and what do they try to do?
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The laws of probability and the researchers try and determine the likelihood, or probability, that results could have occurred by chance.
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What is a correlation and what does it tell you?
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They predict future performance is to determine whether a relationship exists between two measures of behavior, one recorded and one expected. It tells you whether two variables, or measures that can take on more than one value vary together systematically.
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What is a correlation coefficient?
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It gives the researcher a feel for how well the value of one variable, can be predicted if the value of a second variable is known.
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What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation?
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Positive: means that two measures move in the same direction.
Negative: exists when the two measures still vary together but in opposite directions. |
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What is the range between the coefficients that indicated the strength of the correlation. The closer the value is to 1.00 ____________________________________________.
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+1.00 and -1.00
The stronger the relationship between the two measures and the more likely you'll make an accurate prediction. |
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When a correlation coefficient is not statistically different from zero, _________________________________. Knowing that the value of one measure does not allow you to predict the value of the second measure with an accuracy greater than ________.
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The two measures are uncorrelated.
Chance |
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When two variables are unrelated we _____________________.
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can't predict what will happen.
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The presence of a correlation between two behaviors may help psychologists predict, but correlations do not allow them to determine __________.
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Causality
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What is the main reason it's not possible to determine causality from a correlation? Two variables can appear to be connected but the connection could be due to a common link with some ______ ________.
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The presence of other potentially uncontrolled factors.
Third Variable |
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Correlations describe relationships, but they typically provide no insight into ______ and ________. To determine ________ researchers cannot simply describe and predict behavior.
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Cause and Effect
Causality |
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In ______ ________, the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior. What things can it manipulate?
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Experimental Research
External Setting, A Person's Internal state, Social factors |
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What are confounding variables?
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Uncontrolled variables that change systematically with the independent variable.
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How do you solve the problem of confounding variables?
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Hold constant all of the factors that can vary along with the experimental manipulation.
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What is internal validity?
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When potential confounding variables are effectively controlled, allowing for the determination of cause and effect.
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What is Random assignment? and what does it increase?
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The experimenter makes certain that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups or conditions in the experiment.
It increases the chances that differences will be equally represented in each of the groups. |
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What is a double-blind study? and what does it help ensure? and what is it often used in?
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To control for both experimentrer and subject expectancies in the same context, a double blind study is conducted in which neither the subject nor the observer is aware of who is in the experimental and control conditions.
It is often used in drug research and is an effective way of reducing bias effects. |
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The true purpose of an experiment is to gain _______, not _______ ________.
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control
external validity |
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What does the American Psychological Association do?
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Formal Organization that develops and publishes ethical guidelines and codes of conduct for their members.
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What is informed consent? what should be explained? what is required? and if someone choses not to participate they will suffer _________________.
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The principle that before consenting to participate in research, people should be fully informed about any significant factors that could affect their willingness to participate.
Physical and emotional risks should be explained. Written Consent no negative consequences. |
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Sometimes it is necessary to use _____________ as part of a research procedure. __________ in research is justified only if the _______,_______,________ of the study is clear and if there is no way to answer the research questions adequately without deceiving the participants.
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Deception
Deception; Scientific, educational, and applied value |
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Why use animal subjects?
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The reason is for experimental control, diet, experience, and genetic background can all be controlled in a lab and therefore can eliminate potential confounding variables. They are also used because they have simple internal systems.
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