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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hindsight Bias |
the tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after knowing that it occurred |
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Theory |
an organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena |
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Hypothesis |
testable statement or idea about the relationship between 2 or more variables |
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Operational Definition |
the precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated |
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Observational Method |
technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements of their behaviour |
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Ethnography |
the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might have |
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Archival Analysis |
a form of the observational method whereby the researcher examines the accumulated documents or archives of a culture |
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Inter Rater Reliability |
agreement between people about the observations made independently |
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Correlational Method |
researchers systematically measure 2+ variables and assess the relation between them |
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Correlation Coefficient |
stat that assesses how well you can predict one variable based on another |
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Surveys |
research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behaviour |
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Random Selection |
a way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population, by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample |
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Experimental Method |
researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures these conditions are identical except for the IV |
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IV |
changes or manipulates to see if it has an effect on some other variable |
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DV |
see if it is influenced by the IV manipulation |
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Random Assignment |
process whereby all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of the experiment |
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Probability Level (p value) |
a number, calculated with stat techniques, that shows how likely it is that the results of experiments occurred by chance and not because of the IV. results are considered significant if p value is less than 5 in 100 |
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Internal Validity |
ensuring that nothing other than the IV can affect the DV, accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and random assignment |
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External Validity |
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and other people |
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Psychological Realism |
extent to which the psych processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psych processes that occur in every day life |
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Cover Story |
description of the purpose of a study given to participants that is different from its true purpose; used to maintain psych realism |
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Field Experiment |
conducted in natural settings, rather than in lab |
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Replication |
repeating a study, generally with different subject populations, in different settings, or by using different methods |
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Meta Analysis |
a stat technique that averages the results of 2+ studies to see if the effect of an IV is reliable |
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Basic Research |
designed to find the best answer as to why people behave the way they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity |
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Applied Research |
studies designed specifically to solve a particular social problem; building a theory of behaviour is usually secondary to solving the specific problem |
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Cross Cultural Research |
conducted with members of different cultures to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present across cultures or whether they are specific to a single culture |
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Informed Consent |
agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiment which has been explained in advance |
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Deception |
participants are misled about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire |
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Debriefing |
explaining to the participants, at the end of the experiment, the true purpose of the study and exactly what transpired |
