Chapter 2 Neurobiology Of The Neuron And The Neuroglia Part 1

Front 1

Name given to the nerve cell and its processes

Back 1

Neuron

Front 2

Excitable cells that are specialized for the reception of stimuli and the conduction of the nerve impulse

Back 2

Neuron

Front 3

Each neuron possess a ________

Back 3

Cell body

Front 4

In the surfac of the cell body of the neuron, there projects a process called ________

Back 4

Neurites

Front 5

This are neurites that are responsible for receiving info and conducting it towards the cell body

Back 5

Dendrites

Front 6

A single long tubular neurite that conducts impulses away from the cell body is called?

Back 6

Axon

Front 7

Dendrites and axons are collectively known as

Back 7

Nerve fibers

Front 8

Where are neurons found?

Back 8

Brain, spinal cord and ganglia

Front 9

T/F normal neurons in a mature individual undergo division and replication

Back 9

False

Front 10

Varieties of Neurons

Back 10

Unipolar

Bipolar

Multipolar

Golgi Type I

Golgi Type II

Front 11

Variety of neuron that parte those in which the cell body has a single neurite that divides a short distance from the cell body into two branches: one to some peripheral structure and another entering the CNS

Back 11

Unipolar

Front 12

Variety of neuron which possess an elongated cell body from each end of which a single neurite emerges

Back 12

Bipolar neurons

Front 13

Variety of neuron that have many neurites arising from the cell body and one long axon

Back 13

Multipolar neurons

Front 14

Variety of neurons that have a single long axon that may be 1m or more in length in extreme cases

Back 14

Golgi Type I

Front 15

Examples of Golgi type I neurons

Back 15

Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex

Purkinje cells of cerebral cortex

Motor cells of spinal cord

Front 16

Variety of neurons that have a short axon that terminates in the neighborhood of the cell body or is entirely absent

Back 16

Golgi type II

Front 17

T/F Golgi type II neurons greatly outnumber golgi type I neurons

Back 17

True

Front 18

Variety of neurons whose short dendrites give them a star-shaped appearance

Back 18

Golgi type II

Front 19

The nerve cell body is bounded externally by the _______

Back 19

plasma membrane

Front 20

Whose volume is bigger? The cytoplasm in neurites or within the cell body?

Back 20

Cytoplasm in neurites

Front 21

This large rounded structure stores the genes and is located in the center of the cell body

Back 21

Nucleus

Front 22

The large size of the nucleolus is due to what?

Back 22

High rate of protein synthesis

Front 23

T/F In the nucleus, chromosomes are arranged and organized

Back 23

False, they are in an uncoiled state and not arranged

Front 24

In a female person, one of the two x chromosomes is compact and is known as?

Back 24

Barr body

Front 25

Special portion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the cytoplasm

Back 25

Nuclear envelope

Front 26

Nuclear envelope is double layered and possesses fine _______ which materials can diffuse into and out of the nucleus

Back 26

nuclear pores

Front 27

Cytoplasm is rich in _________ and ______ endoplasmic reticulum

Back 27

granular, agranular

Front 28

Cytoplasm includes which organelles and inclusions?

Back 28

Nissl substance

golgi complez

mitochondria

microfilaments

microtubules

lysosomes

centrioles

lipofuscin

melanin

glycogen

lipid

Front 29

This consists of granules that are distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cell body and is responsible for synthesizing protein

Back 29

Nissl substance

Front 30

The nissl substance is distributed throughout the cytoplasm except for one region close to the axon, called the?

Back 30

Axon hillock

Front 31

Although many ribosomes attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, many lie in the intervals of

Back 31

cisternae

Front 32

Since the ribosomes contain RNA, the Nissl substance is _________ and can be well demonstrated by staining with toluidine blue or other basic aniline dyes

Back 32

Basophilic

Front 33

Term given when there is an impression that the Nissl substance has disappeared OR the substance has moved to the periphery due to fatigue or neuronal damage

Back 33

Chromatolysis

Front 34

This structure is a network of irregular wavy threads around the nucleus

Back 34

Golgi complex

Front 35

Clusters of flattened cisternae and small vesicles made up of SER (smooth er)

Back 35

Golgi complex

Front 36

The protein produced by the Nissl substance is transferred to the inside of the Golgi complex in transport vesicles, where it is temporarily stored and where carbohydrate may be added to the protein to form what?

Back 36

glycoproteins

Front 37

Structure though to be active in lysosome production and in the synthesis of cell membranes

Back 37

Golgi complex

Front 38

This strucutre is found scattered throughout the cell body, dendrites, and axons and can be spehrical or rod-shaped

Back 38

Mitochondria

Front 39

The inner membrane of mitochondria is thrown into folds called ______ which project into the center of the mitochondrion

Back 39

cristae

Front 40

Enzymes of the mitochondria in the membrane take part in cytochrome chains of respiration and which cycle?

Back 40

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Front 41

This structure is important for the production of energy

Back 41

Mitochondria

Front 42

This are numerous and run parallel to each other through the cell body into the neurites

Back 42

Neurofibrils

Front 43

Neurofibrils are arranged into bundles of ______ which form the main component of the cytoskeleton

Back 43

neurofilaments

Front 44

neurofilaments measure about ______ in diameter

Back 44

10 nm

Front 45

These 3-5 nm in diameter structures are formed of actin, and play a role in the formation of new cell processes and retraction of old ones; also assist microtubules in axon transport

Back 45

Microfilaments

Front 46

Structures that measure 25 nm in diameter found insterspersed among neurofilaments and extend throughout the cell body

Back 46

Microtubules

Front 47

In the axon, all microtubules are arranged (alternate/parallel), one end pointing to the cell body, and the other pointing away from it

Back 47

parallel

Front 48

These two structures provide a stationary track that permits specific organelles to move by molecular motors

Back 48

microtubules and microfilaments

Front 49

Involves the movement of membrane organelles, secretory material, synaptic precursor membvranes, large dense core vesicles, mitochondria, and SER

Back 49

Cell transport

Front 50

two types of cell transport

Back 50

Rapid and Slow

Front 51

Type of Cell transport which happen 100-400 mm a day and is brought about by the two motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) associated with microtubule ATP-ase sites

Back 51

Rapid Transport

Front 52

Rapid transport is brought about by what 2 motor proteins?

Back 52

Kinesin and Dynein

Front 53

Motor protein for anterograde (away from cell) movement

Back 53

Kinesin

Front 54

Motor protein for retrograde (towards the cell) movement

Back 54

Dynein

(Mag-ddyne in ka = towards the cell)

Front 55

Type of cell tranport which happen 0.1 - 3.0 mm a day which involve the bulk movement of the cytoplasm and includes the movement of mitochondria and other organelles

Back 55

Slow transport

Front 56

Structure that serves the cell by acting as intracellular scavengers and contain hydrolytic enzymes

Back 56

Lysosomes

Front 57

3 Forms of lysosomes

Back 57

Primary

Secondary

Residual

Front 58

Form of lysosome which have just been formed

Back 58

Primary lysosome

Front 59

Form of lysosome which contain partially digested material (myelin figure)

Back 59

Secondary lysosome

Front 60

Form of lysosome where enzymes are inactive and the bodies have involved from digestible materials like pigment and lipid

Back 60

Residual bodies

Front 61

These are small, paired strucutres found in immature dividing nerve cells; believed to be involved in the maintenance of microtubules

Back 61

Centrioles

Front 62

A hollow cylinder whose wall is made up of bundles of microtubules

Back 62

Centriole

Front 63

These are yellowish-brown granules with cytoplasm and is formed as the result of lysosomal activity

Back 63

Lipofuscin

Front 64

T/F lipofuscin accumulates with age

Back 64

True

Front 65

These are found in the cytoplasm of cells in certain parts of the brain

Back 65

Melanin Granules

Front 66

Melanin granules is related to catecholamine synthesizing ability of these neurons whose neurotransmitter is?

Back 66

Dopamine

Front 67

The neurotransmitter dopamine is released by?

Back 67

Substantia nigra

Front 68

Forms the continuous external boundary of the cell body and its processes; In the neuron, it is the site for initiation and conduction of the nerve impulse

Back 68

Plasma membrane

Front 69

These are composed of inner and outer layer of very loosely arranged protein molecules, each layer being 2.5 nm thick and the middle layer is 3 nm thick

Back 69

Plasma membrane

Front 70

Lipid layer of Plasma membrane made up of two rows of phospholipid molecules; (polar/hydrophobic) ends are in contact with each other while (polar/hydrophobic) are in contact with protein layers

Back 70

Hydrophobic, polar

Front 71

Formed by the attachment of carbohydrate molecules that are linked to the proteins or the lipids outside of the plasma membrane

Back 71

Glycocalyx

Front 72

A semipermeable membrane formed by the plasma membrane and the gycocalyx which allow diffusion or restriction of certain ions

Back 72

Resting Potential

Front 73

In the resting potential, these ions difffuse through the plasma membrane from the cell cytoplasm to the tissue fluid`

Back 73

K+ ions

Front 74

Which is more permeable to the membrane? K+ ions or Na+ ions?

Back 74

K+ ions; passive effflux is greater in K+ ions

Front 75

The passive efflux of K+ and influx of Na+ create a potential difference of ____ mV

Back 75

- 80 mV

Front 76

When the nerve cell is excited by electrical, mechanical, or chemical means, a rapid change in membrane permeability to _____ ions takes place, and these ions diffuse through the plasma membrane into the cell cytoplasm from the tissue fluid.

Back 76

Na+

Front 77

The sudden influx of Na+ ions followed by the altered polarity produces the so-called

Back 77

Action potential

Front 78

This potential is very brief (5 msec) which is approximately 40 mV

Back 78

Action Potential

Front 79

T/F After the permeability for Na+ ions, the membrane permeability for K+ ions also decreases

Back 79

False, K+ ions permeability increase

mas maraming nakakalabasna K+ ions, compared sa mganakakapasok na Na+ ions

Front 80

Once the action potential is generated, it spreads over the plasma membrane and is conducted along neurites known as the _____

Back 80

nerve impulse

Front 81

T/F Once the nerve impulse has spread over a given region of plasma membrane, another action potential cannot be elicited immediately.

Back 81

True

Front 82

Duration of the non-excitable state where another action potential cannot be elicited immediately is known as the?

Back 82

Refractory period

Front 83

It controls the maximum frequency that the action potentials can be conducted along the plasma membrane.

Back 83

Refractory period

Front 84

Should multiple excitatory stimuli be applied to the surface of a neuron, then the effect can be______

Back 84

summated

Front 85

Ions that have weaker electric fields and attract less water

Back 85

K+ ions

Front 86

Channels which the sodium and potassium ions diffuse through the plasma membrane, are formed of the protein molecules that extend through the full thickness of the plasma membrane.

Back 86

Sodium and Potassium channels

Front 87

The twisting and distortion of the channel that creates a wider or narrower lumen

Back 87

Gating

Front 88

Order of gates in the stimulated state

Back 88

Na channels are wide open

K+ channels then open

Na channels close

Front 89

Order of gates in the non-stimulated state

Back 89

K channels are open while Na are closed

Front 90

Short process of Nerve cell which conduct nerve impulse towards the body

Back 90

Dendrites

Front 91

Smooth, tubular long process of the cell body of the nerve cell and conducts impulses away from the cell body

Back 91

Axon

Front 92

Distal ends of the branches of axons that are enlarged

Back 92

Terminals

Front 93

Series of swellings near the termination of the axon

Back 93

Varicosities

Front 94

Plasma membrane bounding the axon is called?

Back 94

Axolemma

Front 95

Depending on the site of the synapse, they are often referred to

Back 95

axodendritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic

Front 96

A synapse where a chemical substance passesacross the narrow space between thecells and becomes attached to a proteinmolecule in the postsynaptic membrane (receptor)

Back 96

Chemical synapse