Chapter 2 Anatomy

Front 1

The two major types of fiber arrangements that essentially all skeletal muscles may be grouped into are:

Back 1

parallel and pennate

Front 2

Spindle-shaped muscles with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end are known as:

Back 2

fusiform

Front 3

Thin and broad muscles, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses are known as:

Back 3

flat

Front 4

Circular muscles which surround openings and function to close them upon contraction are known as:

Back 4

sphincter (circular)

Front 5

Muscles with fibers running obliquely from a tendon on one side only are known as:

Back 5

Unipennate

Front 6

Muscle with fibers running obliquely on both sides from a central tendon are known as:

Back 6

Bipennate

Front 7

The portion of the central nervous system that is at the level of control and provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregate muscle action, but not as specific muscle activity is the:

Back 7

Cerebral Cortex

Front 8

The portion of the central nervous system that is a major integrator of sensory impulses and providing feedback relative to motion is the:

Back 8

Cerebellum

Front 9

The portion of the central nervous system that integrates all central nervous system activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions is the:

Back 9

Brain Stem

Front 10

Nerves that bring impulses from receptors in the skin, joints, muscles, and other peripheral aspects of the body to the CNS are known as:

Back 10

Afferent

Front 11

Nerves that carry impulses to the outlying regions of the body from the CNS are known as:

Back 11

Efferent

Front 12

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ______ nervous system and the ________ nervous system.

Back 12

Central and Peripheral

Front 13

A defined area of skin supplied by the dorsal or sensory root fibers of a single spinal nerve is known as a:

Back 13

Dermatome

Front 14

A(n) _______ contraction occurs when tension is developed in the muscles but the length does not change.

Back 14

Isometric

Front 15

Muscles which cause or control joint motion through a specified plan of motion are known as _____ muscles.

Back 15

Agonist

Front 16

More uniform in diameter with essentially all of their fibers arranged in a long parallel manner"

Back 16

Strap

Front 17

Combined arrangement of flat and fusiform muscles, originate on broad aponeuroses and converge to a single point of attachment via a tendon:

Back 17

Radiate

Front 18

Several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them:

Back 18

Multipennate

Front 19

Deltoid

Back 19

Multipennate

Front 20

Pectoralis Major

Back 20

Radiate

Front 21

Brachialis

Back 21

Fusiform

Front 22

Rectus Femoris

Back 22

Bipennate

Front 23

Satorius

Back 23

Strap

Front 24

Rectus Abdominus

Back 24

Flat

Front 25

Biceps Femoris

Back 25

Unipennate

Front 26

Orbicularis Oris

Back 26

Sphincter

Front 27

Range through which a muscle can change it length

Back 27

Amplitude

Front 28

Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion

Back 28

Aggregate muscle action

Front 29

Ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching

Back 29

Elasticity

Front 30

Ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated

Back 30

Contractility

Front 31

Proximal attachment of a muscle

Back 31

Irritability

Front 32

Distal attachment of a muscle

Back 32

Insertion

Front 33

Muscles which cause or control joint motion through a specified plane of motion

Back 33

Agonists

Front 34

Ability of muscle to be stretched back to its original length following contraction

Back 34

Extensibility

Front 35

Central, fleshy portion of the muscle

Back 35

Gaster

Front 36

Two joint, muscles have attachments which cross joints at their proximal and distal ends

Back 36

Biarticular muscles

Front 37

Surround the join or body part and contact to fixate the area in order to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move

Back 37

Stabilizing Muscles

Front 38

Shortening and/or lengthening of muscle fibers under varying degrees of tension

Back 38

Isotonic Contraction

Front 39

Occurs when the muscle tissue is lengthened under tension

Back 39

Eccentric Contraction

Front 40

Times when muscle tension cannot be found in either muscle group due to extremely quick repetition of the same movements

Back 40

Reciprocal Innervation

Front 41

Static contraction tension is developed in the muscles but the length does not change

Back 41

Isometric Contraction

Front 42

When the muscle is contracted and shortening occurs within the muscle fibers

Back 42

Concentric Contraction

Front 43

When both muscle groups on either side of a join are under tension performing a joint action at a very slow speed against great resistance

Back 43

Cocontraction

Front 44

Located on the opposite side of the join from the prime movers

Back 44

Contralateral Muscles

Front 45

When the stretch reflex of a lengthening antagonistic muscle is dampened due to the concentric contraction of the agonists

Back 45

Inhibition

Front 46

Main function is to rule out undesired motion and aid in refined movement

Back 46

Synergists

Front 47

Counteract or neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements

Back 47

Neutralizing Muscles

Front 48

Muscle contraction produces:

Back 48

Force

Front 49

Some muscles contribute to ______ most of the day.

Back 49

Posture

Front 50

Shorter fibers arranged obliquely to their tendons

Back 50

Pennate

Front 51

Muscles work in:

Back 51

Groups

Front 52

Factor in muscle's ability to exert force

Back 52

Diameter

Front 53

"Triangular, fan-shaped, or convergent"

Back 53

Radiate

Front 54

Muscles are named due to:

Back 54

Function

Front 55

Muscles provide:

Back 55

Protection

Front 56

Generally produce greater range of movement

Back 56

Parallel

Front 57

Muscle irritability

Back 57

Excitability

Front 58

Eccentric contraction result

Back 58

Deceleration

Front 59

Segment of nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers

Back 59

Innervation

Front 60

Least movable part or attachment of a muscle

Back 60

Origin

Front 61

Result of concentric contractions

Back 61

Acceleration

Front 62

Contralateral Muscles

Back 62

Antagonist

Front 63

Exercise technique where speed of movement is constant

Back 63

Isokinetic

Front 64

Muscles who origins are insertions are found in the hand

Back 64

Intrinsic

Front 65

Most movable part attachment of a muscle

Back 65

Insertion

Front 66

Specific movement of a joint

Back 66

Action

Front 67

Somatic and visceral nerves

Back 67

Efferent

Front 68

Pairs of cervical nerves

Back 68

Eight

Front 69

Neurons that transmit impulses to spinal cord and CNS

Back 69

Sensory

Front 70

Transmit impulses to neuron and cell body

Back 70

Dendrites

Front 71

Visceral nerves

Back 71

involuntary

Front 72

Generally responsible for sensation from upper part of shoulders to back of head and front of neck

Back 72

Cervical plexus

Front 73

Supplies motor and sensory function to the upper extremity and most of the scapula

Back 73

Brachial plexus

Front 74

Motor nerves

Back 74

Efferent

Front 75

Neurons that transmit impulses away from spinal cord and CNS

Back 75

Motor

Front 76

Pathway between CNS and PNS

Back 76

Spinal Nerves

Front 77

Nerve cell

Back 77

Neuron

Front 78

Conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

Back 78

Interneurons

Front 79

"Nerves that carry impulses to the heart, smooth muscles, and glands"

Back 79

Visceral

Front 80

Under conscious control and carry impulses to skeletal muscles

Back 80

Somatic

Front 81

Named for the location from which they exit vertebral column

Back 81

Spinal Cord

Front 82

Pairs of sacral nerves

Back 82

five

Front 83

Somatic Nerves

Back 83

Voluntary

Front 84

Transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body

Back 84

Axon

Front 85

Sensory nerves

Back 85

Afferent

Front 86

C5 through T1 plexus

Back 86

Brachial

Front 87

Adductor longus

Back 87

Radiate

Front 88

Adductor magnus

Back 88

bipennate

Front 89

Brachioradialis

Back 89

Fusiform

Front 90

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Back 90

unipennate

Front 91

latissimus dorsi

Back 91

radiate

Front 92

Pronator quadratus

Back 92

strap

Front 93

rhomboid

Back 93

flat

Front 94

triceps brachii

Back 94

bipennate